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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 24 (1993), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 42 (1990), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a effectué des calculs par éléments finis à trois dimensions pour l'étude de la croissance de lacunes, initialement sphériques, selon des arrangements en cubes périodiques, et pour des lacunes initialement sphériques se formant en avant de l'extrémité arrondie d'une fissure sollicitée en état de déformation plane et selon un Mode I. La méthode numérique est basée sur la théorie des dilatations finies et les calculs sont effectués en trois dimensions. La disposition en cubes des lacunes est sujette à des champs macroscopiquement uniformes de tractions uniaxiales, de cisaillement pur et de contraintes à haute triaxialité. Le comportement macroscopique en contraintes-dilatations et le changement de volume des lacunes ont été obtenus pour deux fractions du volume initial de cavités. Les calculs montrent que la forme des cavités, leurs interactions et la perte résultante de capacité de change dépendent fortement de la triaxialité du champ de contraintes. On compare les résultats des calculs par éléments finis avec divers modèles de continuum à plasticité dilatante applicable à des matériaux poreux. Aucun de ces modèles n'est en accord complet avec les calculs par éléments finis. L'accord des résultats par éléments finis avec un modèle constitutif particulier dépend du niveau de déformation macroscopique et de la triaxialité du champ des contraintes uniformes agissant à distance. On a supposé des conditions d'écoulement plastique à petite échelle, pour résoudre le problème des lacunes initialement sphériques se trouvant directement en avant de l'extrémité d'une fissure arrondie sollicitée en Mode I et en déformation plane. Les champs de contrainte et de déformation près de la pointe de la fissure sont obtenus pour des matériaux parfaitement plastiques et pour différents rapports dimensions/espacements. Les calculs montrent que les cavités se développent vers l'extrémité de la fissure et l'une vers l'autre à une vitesse plus grande qu'elles ne s'allongent dans la direction de la contrainte de traction. On compare les vitesses calculées de croissance des lacunes avec celles fournies par de précédents modèles.
    Notes: Abstract Three-dimensional finite element computations have been carried out for the growth of initially spherical voids in periodic cubic arrays and for initially spherical voids ahead of a blunting mode I plane strain crack tip. The numerical method is based on finite strain theory and the computations are three-dimensional. The void cubic arrays are subjected to macroscopically uniform fields of uniaxial tension, pure shear and high triaxial stress. The macroscopic stress-strain behavior and the change in void volume were obtained for two initial void volume fractions. The calculations show that void shape, void interaction and loss of load carrying capacity depend strongly on the triaxiality of the stress field. The results of the finite element computation were compared with several dilatant plasticity continuum models for porous materials. None of the models agrees completely with the finite element calculations. Agreement of the finite element results with any particular constitutive model depended on the level of macroscopic strain and the triaxiality of the remote uniform stress field. For the problem of the initial spherical voids directly ahead of a blunting mode I plane strain crack tip, conditions of small scale yielding were assumed. The near tip stress and deformation fields were obtained for different void-size-to-spacing ratios for perfectly plastic materials. The calculations show that the holes spread towards the crack tip and towards each other at a faster rate than they elongate in the tensile direction. The computed void growth rates are compared with previous models for void growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 27 (1989), S. 233-255 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element analysis was used to study the fracture toughening of a ceramic by a stress induced dilatant transformation of second phase particles. The finite element method was based on a continuum theory which modelled the composite as subcritical material. Transient crack growth was simulated in the finite element mesh by a nodal release technique. The crack's remote tensile opening load was adjusted to maintain the near-tip energy release rate at the level necessary for crack advance. The transformation zone surrounding the crack developed as the crack propagated through the composite. Resistance curves were computed from the analysis; and the results show that during crack advance maximum toughness is achieved before a steady state is reached.The toughening effect of a crack-bridging ductile phase in a brittle material may be predicted if ligament deformation is characterized. A plastically deforming ligament constrained by surrounding elastic matrix material is modelled using finite elements and the relevant toughness enhancement information extracted. Comparison is made to model experiments as well as to toughness measured for technologically important materials. The results suggest that debonding along the interface between the ligament and the matrix may enhance the toughening effect of a ductile phase.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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