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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 76 (1997), S. 400-408 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Skeletal muscle ; Contract-relax stretching training ; Flexibility ; Isokinetic dynamometry ; Force-velocity relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an 8-week unilateral contract-relax (CR) stretching training program (passive stretch after isometric contraction) on muscular performance were investigated in a group of 16 athletes. The flexibility, maximum torque and angular position as well as contraction work in movements of the knee joint were determined before training and after 4 and 8 weeks of training. The torque measurements were performed under isokinetic conditions, eccentrically at angular velocities of 60° · s−1 and 120° · s−1, isometrically at five different joint positions, and concentrically at angular velocities of 60, 120, 180 and 240° · s−1 using an isokinetic dynamometer. A surface electromyogram (EMG) of the thigh muscles (quadriceps and hamstrings) was recorded simultaneously. As compared to untrained control limbs, significant improvements in active and passive flexibility (up to 6.3° in range of motion), maximum torque (up to 21.6%) and work (up to 12.9%) were observed, and these were especially pronounced under eccentric load conditions. A comparison between integrated EMG recordings during eccentric and concentric loads, as well as the interpretation of the training-induced changes in the EMG, suggest that muscular activity under eccentric loads may be impaired by mental processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 101 (1998), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Injuries • Horseback riding • Handling horses • Prevention ; Schlüsselwörter Verletzungen • Reiten • Umgang mit Pferden • Prophylaxe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 115 Turnierreitern wurden getrennt Verletzungen beim Spring-, Dressur- und Geländereiten sowie beim Umgang mit Pferden seit Erlangen des Reitabzeichens vor 9,4 Jahren erfaßt. Beim Reiten hatten sich 69 % der Befragten 187 Verletzungen und beim Umgang mit Pferden 52 % der Befragten 124 Verletzungen zugezogen. Bei den Verletzungsarten dominierten Frakturen und Weichteilverletzungen; die meisten Verletzungen waren beim Reiten im Bereich der oberen Extremitäten und der Schulter sowie beim Umgang mit Pferden im Bereich der Hände und Füße zu lokalisieren. Die Verletzungshäufigkeit war beim Dressur-, Gelände- und Springreiten gleich hoch, allerdings betrug der Zeitaufwand für das Springreiten 1/3 des Dressurreitens, aber die Verletzungen waren schwerer. Beim Umgang mit Pferden ergaben sich, bezogen auf die Zeiteinheit, mehr aber leichtere Verletzungen als beim Reiten. Von den Verletzten hatten 67 % ihr Sicherheitsverhalten nicht verändert. Erfahrene Reiter verletzen sich relativ selten beim Umgang mit Pferden und Reiten. Häufige Frakturen und Weichteilverletzungen lassen sich durch gesteigertes Sicherheitsbewußtsein vermeiden.
    Notes: Summary A group of experienced riders who qualified for the German riding badge 9.5 years ago answered a questionnaire pertaining to injuries during jumping, dressage and cross-country riding, as well as handling the horse. During riding 69 % of the persons had had 187 injuries and while handling the horse 52 % had had 124 injuries. Fractures and contusions were the most-frequent injuries; most riding injuries were located in the upper extremities and shoulder while handling mainly in the hands and feet. The number of injuries was comparable in jumping, dressage or cross-country riding. The time engaged in jumping was about one-third of the other types of riding, but the injuries were more severe. While handling the horse the number of injuries relative to the time spent during the activity were higher but less complicated. No change in safety precautions had been implemented by 67 % of the persons injured. The injury rate for equestrians is relatively low both in handling the horse and during riding. The frequent fractures and contusions may be reduced by following the required safety regulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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