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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of chronic morphine administration upon a modified sidman avoidance schedule that utilizes response-independent shock (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Morphine ; Avoidance Behavior ; Fear Conditioning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Six male squirrel monkeys were subjected to a Sidman nondiscriminated avoidance schedule (R-S, S-S-20 sec) that superimposed 3-min conditioned stimuli (CS) unavoidable shock pairings upon the ongoing avoidance behavior. Five of the 6 animals demonstrated facilitated avoidance response rates during the CS, while one animal demonstrated suppressed rates during the CS. Morphine sulfate (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/kg) altered these patterns, causing the suppressor to facilitate, while the facilitators demonstrated reduced levels of response elevation during the aversive CS. Morphine also led to a reliable reduction in overall response rate and an increase in the number of shocks received. No consistent drug effects were noted with regard to general motor activity. These results were interpreted to suggest that a potent analgesic agent, such as morphine, was able to reduce the level of fear motivation normally generated by the aversive CS. Since changes in relative rate during the aversive CS were quite reliable both within and between animals, it was suggested that this behavioral schedule might prove useful in assaying the fear-reducing qualities of a variety of drugs. A cautionary note, however, indicated that other explanations, most notably, a rate dependent hypothesis, could account for the data without assuming that level of fear was altered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428933
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of cholinergic agents upon fixated behavior (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Scopolamine ; Pilocarpine ; Lashley Jumping Stand ; Fixated Behavior ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A group of male albino rats were subjected to the Maier paradigm (insoluble problem followed by a soluble problem) using the Lashley jumping stand. Forty-two animals which failed the soluble problem by adopting a position stereotype were then randomly assigned to eight drug groups in a 2×2 design. Animals were guided to the correct window on odd days but received no guidance on even days. Animals received either pilocarpine nitrate (5.0 mg/kg) or scopolamine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) in one of three different sequences. These sequences included drug on both odd and even days (drug-drug), only on the odd day (drug-no drug), or only on the even day (no drug-drug). One other drug group received scopolamine methylbromide (1.0 mg/kg) in a drug-no drug sequence, while the control group received saline on both days. Results indicated that animals receiving pilocarpine in the drug-drug and no drug-drug sequence solved significantly faster than the controls, while all the drugno drug groups showed significantly poorer solution rates. It was concluded that pilocarpine may enable animals to inhibit punished behavior patterns and thus hasten the extinction of fixated responses, but that due to the inconclusive scopolamine data this pilocarpine effect may not be due to its cholinomimetic properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572272
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analgesic potency of sodium salicylate, indomethacin, and chlordiazepoxide as measured by the spatial preference technique in the rat (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Analgesia ; Spatial Preference Technique ; ED50 ; Sodium Salicylate ; Indomethacin ; Chlordiazepoxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The analgesic potency of various doses of sodium salicylate (150, 200, 250, 300, 350 mg/kg), indomethacin (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 5.0 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg) were measured using the spatial preference technique. All three agents were active in a wide range of doses indicating that this technique is sensitive to the weak analgesics. The chlordiazepoxide data were interpreted to suggest that this tranquilizing agent may be able to impair the appreciation of the emotional (i.e., aversive) qualities of electric shock, thus reducing the animal's motivation to escape the noxious stimulus. A procedure for computing ED50 estimates was also presented along with a summary of the ED50 values for several standard narcotic and narcotic antagonist analgesics. Since this procedure is a reliable and sensitive index of drug-induced analgesia, it should be useful as a screening procedure in evaluating the analgesic potency of a wide variety of chemical agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428683
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of agents that modify muscarinic tone upon behavior controlled by an avoidance schedule that employs signaled unavoidable shock (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 133-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Pilocarpine ; Scopolamine ; Methyl Scopolamine ; Avoidance Behavior ; Fear Conditioning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Six male squirrel monkeys were subjected to a Sidman nondiscriminated avoidance schedule that superimposed conditioned stimuli (CS)—unavoidable shock pairings upon the ongoing avoidance behavior. Four of the six animals demonstrated facilitated avoidance response rates during the CS, while two demonstrated suppressed rates during the CS. Scopolamine hydrobromide (0.06, 0.125, 0.50, 1.0 mg/kg IM) reversed these patterns, causing the facilitators to suppress and vice versa. Scopolamine hydrobromide (0.50, 1.0 mg/kg) also led to a reliable reduction in overall response rate and an increase in the number of shocks received. Neither scopolamine methylbromide (0.50, 1.0 mg/kg), a peripheral acting anticholinergic, nor pilocarpine nitrate (1.25, 2.50 mg/kg), a muscarinic stimulant, produced any reliable effects upon avoidance behavior. These results were interpreted to indicate that the central acting antimuscarinic agent, scopolamine hydrobromide, may be able to reduce level of fear motivation either directly by interfering with cholinergic systems that mediate fear or by producing decrements in cognitive (i.e., memory) processes that are needed for animals to fully appreciate the aversive qualities of the CS.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428684
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of metiamide on the “activity-stress” ulcer in rats (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): H2 Receptor Antagonist ; Metiamide ; Gastric Ulcers ; Acid Secretion ; “Activity-Stress” Ulcer Model
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Forty rats were housed in standard activity wheel cages and fed for only 1 hr per day. The animals were equally divided into 4 groups that received either saline, 12.5 mg/kg, 25.0 mg/kg or 50.0 mg/kg of metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, 3 times a day. All animals died within 11 days and all demonstrated significant gastric lesions in the glandular fundus of the stomach. The 50.0 mg/kg dosage group, however, demonstrated significantly fewer ulcers than the saline animals and the lesions that did occur were significantly smaller than those noted in the control animals. Several hypotheses were offered to explain these results which took into account metiamide's effects on gastric secretion and motor activity. It was suggested that secretion of acid may be an important contributing factor in the formation of gastric ulcers in animals subjected to the “activity-stress” procedure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421181
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modulation of avoidance behavior in squirrel monkeys after chronic administration and withdrawal of d-amphetamine or α-methyl-p-tyrosine (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 213-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; α-Methyl-p-tyrosine ; Chronic administration ; Withdrawal ; Avoidance Behavior ; Squirrel Monkeys
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Two squirrel monkeys were trained on a nondiscriminated (Sidman) avoidance schedule that presented a conditional aversive stimulus (CAS) whenever the animals failed to respond within 20 sec. Shock was paired with the CAS 20% of the time. A 3 min tone followed by unavoidable shock was superimposed upon this avoidance schedule. Amphetamine (1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) increased responding without consistently affecting shock or CAS rate, while α-methyl-p-tyrosine (150, 225 mg/kg) decreased response rate and led to more CAS presentations and shocks. Withdrawal of amphetamine produced behavioral effects similar in direction but not intensity to those seen after the administration of α-methyl-p-tyrosine. Neither drug reliably altered the facilitation of avoidance response rate normally noted during the 3-min tone. These results were interpreted to reflect the role of the catecholamines in modulating the performance of an avoidance task. Furthermore, an attempt was made to speculate on the mechanism that may be responsible for the behavioral effects noted after the withdrawal of chronic amphetamine administration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429302
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