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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trophic interactions between sensory nerves and their targets (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 6 (1999), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Neurotrophin ; Receptor tyrosine kinase ; Sensory neurons ; Skin innervation ; Nerve growth factor ; Keratinocytes ; Nerve-target interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurotrophins are target-derived trophic factors essential for the survival and maintenance of neurons. Among these, nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are particularly important for sensory neurons. The actions of neurotrophins are through the p75 low-affinity receptor and the high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinase(trk). Each neurotrophin has its preferred receptor, i.e.trkA for NGF, andtrkC for NT-3. The primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion are classified into two categories, namely, the large and small sensory neurons based on their size. The large sensory neurons with the expression oftrkC depend on NT-3 for development and subserve the function of position sensations. Some of the small sensory neurons expresstrkA and are NGF-dependent. They are responsible for nociceptive sensation, the detection of painful and thermal stimuli. A more intriguing observation is the bidirectional interactions between nociceptive nerves and their target, the skin. The peripheral processes of small sensory neurons innervate the epidermis of the skin as ‘free nerve endings’. In denervated skin, there is a drastic reduction in the epidermal thickness, a finding corroborated by the phenomenon of trophic change, the shining and thinning of the skin, in the disorders of peripheral nerves. The performance of animals with peripheral nerve disorders improved after administration of neurotrophic factors. Based on these results, the therapeutic potentials of neurotrophic factors in human are under investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02256438
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skin innervation and its effects on the epidermis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 4 (1997), S. 264-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Skin innervation ; Sensory nerves ; Unmyelinated axons ; Axonal degeneration ; Nerve regeneration ; Epidermis ; Keratinocytes ; Langerhans cells ; Sensory neuropathy ; Neuropathic pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sensory innervation of the skin subserves protective sensations for the body to prevent thermal and noxious injuries. Neurophysiologically, they belong to the categories of Aδ and C fibers, usually with caliber less than one µm in diameter. Morphological demonstration of the terminals of these nerves in the epidermis has been recognized recently by sensitive immunocytochemistry and an axonal marker, the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP). PGP is a ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, which is abundantly present in the nervous system, and particularly enriched in the unmyelinated nerves. Sensory nerves positive for PGP arise from the dorsal root ganglion, pass through the dermis, parallel the epidermis-dermis border, penetrate the basement membrane, move vertically and upwards in the epidermis with tortuous course and knobby appearance, and finally terminate at the granular layers of the epidermis. In rodents, denervation of the skin results in degeneration of epidermal nerves within 48 h of nerve transection, and thinning of the epidermis. In humans, application of this technique to evaluate disorders of the peripheral nervous system makes study of the degeneration of sensory nerve terminals possible. Patients with sensory neuropathy had fewer epidermal nerves than normal subjects, consistent with the notion of distal axonopathy. This approach has the potential to evaluate human sensory neuropathy in temporal and spatial domains. In addition, the influences of epidermal denervation open a new field to explore the interactions between sensory nerves and keratinocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253428
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged axonal survival in transected nerves of C57BL/Ola mice is independent of age (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 24 (1995), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interrupted nerve fibres from the C57BL/Ola strain of mouse degenerate after an extraordinary delay compared to nerves of standard laboratory mice. Other investigators, using electrophysiologic methods, concluded that the mutant phenotype diminishes with age, implying that the mutation in C57BL/Ola mice affects a developmentally regulated gene. In an effort to confirm this observation, we studied the course of Wallerian degeneration in C57BL/Ola mice aged 1 through 16 months by using quantitative morphometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting, but found the period of axonal survival after nerve transection to be no different in old versus young C57BL/Ola mice. We conclude that the C57BL/Ola phenotype of prolonged survival of transected nerves is not affected by age, although certain physiologic measures may degrade in older animals. The persistence of axoplasm after nerve injury in C57BL/Ola mice may be the feature most closely related to the function of the mutant gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189060
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidermal denervation and its effects on keratinocytes and Langerhans cells (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 25 (1996), S. 513-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin innervation has been considered to subserve sensory perception only, but several lines of evidence suggest that there are ‘effector’ influences of skin innervation on the immune system and keratotinocytes. In this study, we transected the sciatic nerves of rats and examined the effects of denervation on the epidermis. In normal skin, the epidermis was densely innervated by fine axons that were immunostained with several axonal markers, including neuronal ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (protein gene product 9.5). All of the epidermal axons in the regions innervated by sciatic nerve disappeared within 24–48 h after transection of sciatic nerve, and remained absent as long as subsequent reinnervation by regenerating axonal sprouts was prevented. Denervation produced changes in both the keratinocytes and the Langerhans cells, the bone marrowderived antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis. The thickness of epidermis decreased within 7 days. By 48h after transection, the Langerhans cells and their dendritic processes became intensely immunoreactive for protein gene product. Protein gene product 9.5 expression on Langerhans cells remained prominent as long as skin was denervated, but disappeared with reinnervation. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated the presence of the transcripts for protein gene product 9.5 in epidermis, consistent with the synthesis of the protein by the Langerhans cells. We conclude that epidermal sensory fibres have novel influences on both keratinocytes and Langerhans cells of the epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02284819
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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