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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vapor-phase dimerization of styrene in the presence of silica-alumina catalyst (1983)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 22 (1983), S. 234-237 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i300010a013
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and properties of heat-resistant phthalic ester plasticizers derived from the thermal decomposition products of waste polystyrene (1985)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 24 (1985), S. 102-106 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i300017a019
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of .alpha.,.omega.-Diisopropenyloligopropylene by Thermal Degradation of Isotactic Polypropylene (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 28 (1995), S. 7973-7978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00128a001
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism for long-chain branching in the thermal degradation of linear high-density polyethylene (1982)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 15 (1982), S. 1460-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00234a002
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal degradation of polymers in the melt, 2Part 1: cf. ref.2. Kinetic approach to the formation of volatile oligomers by thermal degradation of polyisobutylene (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 197 (1996), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of polyisobutylene is characterized by kinetics consisting of four types of intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (back-biting) of primary (p) and tertiary (t) terminal macroradicals (Rp· and Rt·) and the successive β scission at the inner position of the main chain. This reaction affords four types of terminal monoolefins in the volatile oligomers. Assuming the reaction occurs competitively under a steady state regarding the on-chain macroradicals, the composition of the monoolefins are represented as the rate ratios of the respective back-biting processes. The rate ratio between the abstractions of different types of hydrogens (CH2 and CH3) from the same type of macroradicals is expressed only by the rate constant ratio. The (TTD)p/(TVD)p and (TTD)t/(TVD)t ratios remain constant during degradation, independently of the decreases in volume and molecular weight of the reacting polymers and this tendency agrees fairly well with the kinetic expectation. This result suggests that back-biting depends only on the local motion of the reacting chain ends. The ratios between the abstractions of the same type of hydrogen from different macroradicals are expressed by the product of the rate constant ratio and the integrated macroradical concentration ratio ([Rp·]/[Rt·]). The observed values of (TTD)p/(TTD)t and (TVD)p/(TVD)t decrease with reaction time. This decrease results from the decrease in macroradical concentration.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1996.021970116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal degradation of polymers in the melt, 1. Characterization of volatile oligomers formed by thermal degradation of polyisobutylene (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 196 (1995), S. 4139-4157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chemical structures of a number of components of volatile oligomers including (n+2)-mers (n ≧ 0) produced by thermal degradation of polyisobutylene were systematically determined by high-resolution capillary gas chromatogaphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The total ion current (TIC) chromatogram consists of about 100 peaks ranging from dimers (2-mers, n = 0) to dodecamers (12-mers, n = 10) and most of the main peaks are classified into four types of terminal monoolefins: a trisubstituted olefin with a tert-butyl end, a vinylidene olefin with a tert-butyl end, a trisubstituted olefin with an isopropyl end, and a vinylidene olefin with an isopropyl end. The formation of these monoolefins is reasonably interpreted by intramolecular hydrogen abstractions (back-biting) of primary and tertiary terminal macroradicals and subsequent β; scissions at the inner position of the main chain. In all the chromatograms of each (n+2)-mer (n ≧ 1), the retention times of terminal trisubstituted types of monoolefins were shorter than those of terminal vinylidene types of monoolefins, in contrast to the elution order of dimers. The relative intensities between the interesting peaks of each (n+2)-mer (n ≧ 1) clearly represent that back-biting more predominantly occurs at the methylene hydrogen rather than at the methyl group consistent with the difference in the bond dissociation energy of the H—C bond of interest, as opposed to the steric hindrance mechanism5,7.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1995.021961221
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of branching of polyolefin backbone chain on catalytic gasification reaction (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 38 (1989), S. 1491-1501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A basic study on the catalytic gasification of polyolefins such as PE and PP, which account for a major part of general waste plastics, was conducted in order to develop a technique for effective recycling of these wastes. In the case of PE, the gasification of PE is considered to consist of the following scheme: polymer → catalytically degraded polymer → catalytically degraded oligomer → liquid component → gas component. The gasification of PE does not occur directly from the polymer chains, but gaseous C4 substances are selectively found from the liquid components with the highest branching frequency. The overall yield of C4 components including isobutane was 74.5 and 60.5% molar for PE and PP. These liquid components (gasification precursors) have the branching frequencies. For example, a molecule with M̄w of 400 contains about eight branches for every 30 methylenes. From the catalytic gasification of PE, PP, and PIB, the gas conversion rate is also found to increase with increasing frequency of the backbone branching. It is concluded that the branching frequency is the key factor governing the gas conversion rate of polyolefins.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070380807
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phthalate and its application as a plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) from waste polystyrene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3261-3268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phathalate, a plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), was synthesized from 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene obtained by a thermal decomposition under reduced pressure of waster polystyrene. The heat stability of bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phthalate was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and compared with typical plasticizers. It was recognized that bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phthalate showed high heat resistant. A test sheet of plasticized PVC with bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was prepared. The test sheet was used for determination of the plasticizing performance of bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phthalate. Although the effect of bis(2,4-diphenylbutyl) phthalate imparting flexibility to PVC is poorer than that of bis(2-ethylehexyl) phthalate, the former phthalate is well compatible with PVC and exceedingly heat-resistant.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of indan derivatives from polystyrene waste (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 857-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The recovery of indan derivatives from polystyrene waste for the purpose of efficient utilization of plastic wastes was studied. An attempt was made to construct the apparatus, in which thermal decomposition of polystyrene and catalytic reaction of its decomposition products over silica-alumina catalyst could be controlled continuously at the same time. The reaction temperature for thermal decomposition of polystyrene in the upper part of a reactor tube was 420°C, while that for catalytic reaction of the thermal decomposition products in the bottom of a reactor tube was 300°C. These results indicated that the composition of thermal decomposition products of polystyrene could be controlled by the use of a flow reactor. The indan derivatives recovered were two 1-methyl-3-phenylindans, one 1-methyl-1-phenylindan, and 1-phenylindan. The yields of these indan derivatives were 20% of the weight of the liquid products recovered. On the basis of the results obtained in the present work, the most suitable reaction conditions to recover indan derivatives from polystyrene waste is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270306
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled degradation of polystyrene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2561-2571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For the purpose of efficient utilization of waste polystyrene, the recovery method of a styrene oligomer having a molecular weight of 1000-3000 was studied. Thermal and catalytic degradations were carried out. It was impossible to obtain a styrene oligomer with a molecular weight less than 5000 by thermal degradation in the temperature range of 300-500°C. Catalytic degradation in the presence of silica-alumina catalyst in the temperature range of 190-230°C made it possible to control the decrease in molecular weight and to obtain a styrene oligomer having a molecular weight of 500-3000. Simultaneously, the molecular structures of the reaction products from thermal and catalytic degradations were determined by NMR analysis.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290812
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