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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal properties of polypropylene/rice husk ash composites (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 38 (1995), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: polypropylene composoites ; rice husk ash ; filler ; thermal properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Incorporation of rick husk ash (RHA) fillers into polypropylene affected some of the thermal properties of polypropylene composites. Addition of the black rice husk ash (BRHA) filler raised the thermal degradation temperature while maintaining the oxidative stability. The thermal degradation temperature of the white rice husk ash (WRHA) composites was found to be independent of filler loading but the oxidative stability deteriorated with increasing filler content. DSC studies indicated that both white and black RHA fillers act as weak nucleation agents and increase the degree of crystallinity of polypropylene by a small margin. Addition of the RHA fillers reduced the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the composites. Dynamic mechanical studies showed that the RHA composites with higher filler content have higher storage modulus. Tan δ curves of the composites indicated that WRHA filler increased the damping property while the BRHA filler had an opposite effect.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1995.210380104
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical and thermo-oxidative properties of blends of poly(vinyl chloride) with epoxidized natural rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber in the presence of an antioxidant and a base (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 39 (1996), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend ; poly(vinyl chlo-ide)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blend ; mechanical properties ; thermooxidative ageing ; FTIR ; antioxidant ; base ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Being polar and compatible with poly(vinyl chloride), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is similar in behaviour to acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). To assess the extent of this similarity, the mechanical properties of 50/50 blends of PVC with these two rubbers were compared. Their response to thermo-oxidative ageing in the presence of an antioxidant and a base was also investigated by ageing the blends at 100°C for 7 days. Studies involving mechanical properties and FTIR were used to evaluate the extent of thermal degradation. The results revealed that blends of ENR show mechanical properties which are as good as, and in some instances better than, those of the NBR blends. However, the ENR blends with PVC are very prone to oxidative ageing. This might be attributed to the susceptibility of the oxirane group to ring-opening reactions, particularly in the presence of PVC, which yields HCl as it degrades. The amine-type antioxidant 2,24-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) improved the oxidative stability of both blends. This was more significant in the ENR blend, which in some cases attained stability comparable with that of NBR. The addition of a base, calcium stearate [Ca(St)2], did not show any influence in the PVC/ENR blend, even though it was expected to curb acid-catalysed degradation. Ca(St)2, however, improved the oxidative stability of the PVC/NBR blend. The combination of optimum amounts of TMQ and Ca(St)2 effectively improved the tensile strength of both unaged blends, without appreciable adverse effect on elongation at break. This combination also imparted stability better than that of TMQ alone.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on the thermo-oxidative ageing of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 41 (1996), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: PVC/ENR blend ; di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate ; thermo-oxidative ageing ; mechanical properties ; FTIR ; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) plasticizer on the degradation behaviour of 50/50 poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blend was studied by long-term exposure to ambient conditions (27-30°C) in the laboratory. While the unplasticized blend showed obvious changes in physical properties such as hardening, loss of elasticity and embrittlement, the plasticized blend retained its properties. Thermo-oxidative ageing studies were carried out by evaluating the mechanical properties before and after ageing in an air oven at 80°C for 168 h. The relatively rapid degradation of PVC/ENR blend has been attributed to the high concentration of epoxy groups and the occurrence of ring-opening reactions to form ether crosslinks. It was found that the plasticizer confers adequate stabilization upon the addition of a certain threshold amount. The optimum amount of plasticizer required to adequately stabilize the blend is 20 phr. Above this there is a tendency for plasticizer migration to occur. The use of an antioxidant in conjunction with the plasticizer further stabilizes the blend. The general trend is of decrease in mechanical and physical properties with increase in DOP concentration. In addition, ease of processing also increases as indicated by the torque maxima and minima obtained from the Brabender plastograms.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hygrothermal aging studies of short carbon fiber reinforced nylon 6.6 (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 2145-2155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of hygrothermal aging, in terms of the kinetics of moisture absorption by nylon 6.6 and its carbon fiber-reinforced composites, has been undertaken. The diffusion of water into the various materials was investigated at 100% relative humidity, by immersion of specimens in water at temperatures of between 25 and 100°C. A mathematical treatment used in analyzing the data was that of a single free phase model of diffusion, which assumed Fickian diffusion and utilized Fick's second law of diffusion. Good agreement was observed between the experimental and theoretical values. The equilibrium moisture content and the apparent diffusion coefficient of the various composites were evaluated. Hygrothermal aging has reduced the tensile properties of both unreinforced and reinforced nylon 6.6, albeit a better recoverability of the properties was achieved by the former after drying. This behavior is explained in terms of the combined action of moisture-induced plasticization and interfacial degradation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070511306
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of filler content in thermoplastic composites by FTIR analysis (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995), S. 1557-1560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: FTIR quantitative analytical method is described as an alternative technique for computation of the filler content in polypropylene composites. White rice husk ash (WRHA) was incorporated as a filler material into polypropylene homopolymer. Absorption peaks at 480, 621, and 790 cm-1 chosen for the quantitative analysis work have been shown to give good linearity with increasing filler contents. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070561205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact properties of short carbon fiber reinforced nylon 6.6 (1993)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 33 (1993), S. 1483-1488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impact properties of injection-molded nylon 6.6 composites containing different loadings of short carbon fibers have been studied using an instrumented falling weight impact tester (IFWIT). Analysis of the impact data using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) has enabled the evaluation of the critical strain energy release rate, Gc. Instrumentation of the impact machine has facilitated the determination of another fracture mechanic parameter, the fracture toughness, Kc. Both parameters are observed to increase with increasing volume fraction of fibers. Examination of fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has revealed that the main energy dissipative processes responsible for toughening the composites is the fiber pull-out mechanism.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760332207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of filler content in rice husk ash and wood-based composites by thermogravimetric analysis (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 1875-1882 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three new types of fillers for polypropylene are investigated. The first two were derived from burnt rice husk ash (RHA), whereas the third, a wood-based filler, was processed from oil palm trunk. One important characterization of the composites involves the checking for the actual filler content and filler distribution within the matrix. An analytical technique is described here for computation of the filler content in the composites based on a simple expression derives from thermogravimetric analyses. For filler with volatiles such as the black RHA, the derived expression was pf = 106(rb/mc), and for easily burnt fillers (wood-based), the expression was pf = 156(md/mc). The technique has shown good agreement and consistency between analyzed and actual filler contents and a uniform filler distribution within the polypropylene matrix. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070511104
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of moisture absorption on the tensile properties of short glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (1994)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 34 (1994), S. 1645-1655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Injection molded short glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) was subjected to hygrothermal aging at two different relative humidities - 81.2% and 100% RH. A single free phase model of diffusion has been used to analyze the data obtained from the kinetics of moisture absorption study. The diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium moisture content were found to be dependent on the volume fraction of fibers and relative humidity. Incorporation of short glass fibers into a poly(butylene terephthalate) matrix has led to a significant improvement in the retention and recoverability of the tensile properties. Examination of fracture surfaces using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) has revealed some evidence for the hydrolysis of the polymer matrix. The hydrolysis resulted in the formation of microvoids, the absence of a plastic deformation process, and degradation at the fiber-matrix interface.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760342202
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part I: Composition dependence and the effect of compounding conditions (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 142-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Epoxidized natural rubber is a recently commercialized modified form of natural rubber. This paper is part of our continuing effort to study the responses of this new material to melt mixing and other shaping processes. The Shimadzu capillary rheometer was used to evaluate the composition dependence of miscibility of polyvinyl chloride/epoxidized natural rubber blends (PVC/ENR blends). The rheometer was also used to evaluate the effect of compounding parameters on the rheological properties of the blends. The results confirmed PVC/ENR blends as miscible systems that show a synergism in apparent shear viscosity highlighted by the positive deviation from the logarithmic additivity rule. These results based on capillary rheometry are also in very good agreement with our earlier attempt to predict optimum mixing from torque rheometry by using the Brabender Plastogram as an indicator.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010306
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part II: Dynamic mechanical properties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends was further investigated by means of dynamic mechanical analysis. The single glass transition temperature shown by the blends supported earlier observations of miscibility Furthermore, observed synergism in storage modulus has again reaffirmed the miscibility of these blends. A critical examination of the damping peaks at various compositions again revealed the microheterogeneous nature of the blends. Some theories relating glass transition temperature and modulus with miscibility were also used to examine miscibility. Agreement of the results with theories proposed by Gordon - Taylor and Kleiner has provided a further insight into the miscible nature of PVC/ENR blends.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160410
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