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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 936-940 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed studies were carried out on the electrowinning of antimony from SbCl3−HCl−H2SO4 and SbCl3−HCl baths using a graphite anode and a tantalum cathode, the anode being enclosed in a cylindrical glass compartment provided with a sintered disc. Disintegration of the graphite anode increased with increase in anode current density and duration of electrolysis. Analysis of gas evolved at the anode indicated that the presence of sulphuric acid increased the production of CO2. The anodic disintegration was reduced to a negligibly low value by circulation of 6m HCl through the anode compartment. Optimum conditions were determined for electrowinning of antimony from a SbCl3−HCl bath. The tantalum content in the metal was 0.1–0.2 p.p.m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 3213-3217 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxylapatite, prepared by the reaction of an aqueous suspension of Ca(OH)2 with H3PO4 at pH〉7 and sintered at 700°C was subjected to various pressures in a Bridgman anvil apparatus, and the retrieved material was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The studies showed that the crystalline hydroxylapatite transforms irreversibly to an amorphous phase 2 GPa. The transformation occurs through an intermediate phase and is completed at around 10 GPa pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 212-232 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spurenanalyse ; Datenkonzentrierung, Datenverarbeitung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Statistical data evaluation in trace element analysis was mainly influenced by the Normal Law of Error, which is based on the assumption of a Gaussian normal distribution. Supposing that the analytical error of the trace element concentration is negligibly small compared with its true variations in nature, skew distributions may become more important than normal ones. Often, but not always, the lognormal distribution is a good approximation of the skew distribution. Careful investigation of the type of distribution before starting data evaluation in trace element analysis is still frequently overlooked today. In this Department, data concentration is performed on a routine basis by two programmes ZCH-2 and ZCH-3/1. They include a) investigation of the type of distribution by drawing the histogrammes, probability plot for normal and lognormal distribution as Hazen's straight lines, Kolmogorov-Smirnov- and Cramer- van Mises goodness-of-fit tests as well as skewness and kurtosis. Outliers of the normal distribution can be eliminated b) by t-, Nalimov's r-, Grubb's and Dixon's tests. c) As central values for data location, the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means and median are calculated. d) The dispersion around the mean is characterized by variance, standard deviation of a single value as well as the mean, relative coefficient of variation, mean deviation from the arithmetic mean, geometric standard deviation, range and 80% inter-decile range. Confidence intervals are given for the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median. Typical problems of data concentration are the deviation from the normal distribution, comparison of different mean values, outlier elimination, concentrations below detection limit, homogeneity and heterogeneity of the data sample. They are discussed for examples of data series from one of the author's laboratories, e.g. trace element concentrations in air, lead content in dental calculus, toxic heavy metal leaching from ceramic ware and gamma dose rates from an area of higher natural radioactivity in the Federal Republic of Germany. As a conclusion, it is emphasized that the trace element analyst should overcome the “Mystery of the Normal and Quasi-normal Distribution” and include skew data distributions and their statistical treatment into his repertoire of routine procedures as well as in his way of thinking.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die statistische Beurteilung von Daten der Spurenelementanalyse war lange Zeit durch das Gesetz der Fehler-Normalverteilung geprägt, welches auf der Annahme einer Gaußschen Normalverteilung beruht. Wird der analytische Fehler der Konzentrationsbestimmung von Spurenelementen vernachlässigbar klein gegenüber den tatsächlichen Schwankungen in der Natur, dann werden schiefe Verteilungen häufig wichtiger als Normalverteilungen. Eine gute Näherung ist oft, allerdings nicht immer, die Lognormalverteilung. Der Spurenanalytiker übersieht häufig auch heute noch, vor Beginn der eigentlichen Datenbeurteilung den Typ der vorliegenden Häufigkeitsverteilung seines Datensatzes zu untersuchen. Die Datenkonzentrierung erfolgt in der hiesigen Zentralabteilung routinemäßig vor allem mit den Programmen ZCH-2 und ZCH-3/1. Darin wird der Typ der Datenverteilung a) durch Zeichnen der Histogramme, Auftragung als Hazens Gerade in Wahrscheinlichkeitskoordinaten für Normal- und Lognormalverteilung, den Kolmogorov-Smirnov- und Cramer-van-Mises-Anpassungstests sowie Schiefe und Wölbung beurteilt. Bei Quasi-Normalverteilungen können b) Ausreißer durch den t-, Nalimovs r-, Grubbs- und Dixon-Test eliminiert werden. Zentralwerte zur Lokalisierung des Datenkollektives sind c) arithmetisches, geometrisches und harmonisches Mittel sowie Median. Die Streuung um die Mittelwerte wird durch d) Varianz, Standardabweichung für Einzelwert sowie Mittel, relativen Variationskoeffizienten, geometrische Standardabweichung, Bereich und 80% Interdezil-Bereich charakterisiert. Zusätzlich werden Vertrauensbereiche für das arithmetische und geometrische Mittel und den Median berechnet. Als typische Probleme der Datenkonzentrierung werden die Abweichungen von der Normalverteilung, ein Vergleich verschiedener Mittelwerte untereinander, die Eliminierung von Ausreißern, die Behandlung von Konzentrationen unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze sowie Homogenität und Heterogenität der Datenkollektive behandelt. Dies wird an Datenreihen aus früheren Untersuchungen eines der Verfasser über Spurenelementkonzentrationen in der Luft, den Bleigehalt in Zahnstein, die Auslaugung toxischer Schwermetalle aus Keramikgeschirr und Gamma-Dosisleistungen aus einem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik mit höherer natürlicher Untergrundradioaktivität erläutert. Als wesentliches Ergebnis soll die Arbeit dazu beitragen, daß der Spurenanalytiker das „Mysterium der Normalverteilung“ überwindet und die Behandlung schiefer Datenverteilungen sowohl in das Repertoire seiner Routineuntersuchungen als auch in sein analytisches Denken aufnimmt. Um einen größeren Kreis von Spurenanalytikern anzusprechen, ist die Darstellung elementar gehalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 31 (1993), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Tea extract ; Aluminium-catechin ; 27Al NMR ; Aluminium malate ; Trisoxalatoaluminium(III) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high-field 27Al NMR spectrum of aqueous tea extract contained two narrow resonances at 9.85 and 16.15 ppm. The spectra of aluminium chelates with a number of model ligands (catechol, pyrogallol, catechin, kojic acid, protocatechuic acid, ascorbic acid and salicylic acid) containing chelating moieties present in the constituents of tea showed broad resonances in the range 8-36 ppm. Potentiometric and NMR studies indicate the formation of a monohydroxo 1:1 Al-catechin chelate (δ 8.3 ppm) with highly distorted symmetry. From a comparison of the NMR spectra of tea infusions at different pH values with those of aluminium chelates with malic acid and oxalic acid (minor constituents in tea), the resonance at 16.15 ppm was assigned to the highly symmetric octahedral anionic chelate trisoxalatoaluminium, [Al(C2O4)3]3-. This was confirmed by anion-exchange separation of the chelate and its identification by 27Al NMR spectroscopy. The signal at 9.8 ppm could be due to a mixed ligand chelate containing oxalate. In the case of the aluminium-malate system, the resonance at 20 ppm was assigned to a 1:2 chelate in which malate functions as a tridentate resulting in five- and six-membered chelate rings.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 27 (1989), S. 328-334 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Aluminium-aminopolycarboxylic acid complexes ; 27Al NMR ; Potentiometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of Al3+ ion with a series of aminopolycarboxylic acids containing coordinating sites (denticity, n) ranging from 3 to 8 were studied by potentiometric and 27AI NMR methods. Hydrolysis constants of the complexes were determined by potentiometry. The 27Al {1H} NMR data indicate a nearly linear relationship between the 27Al chemical shift of the normal complex and denticity of the ligand up to n = 6. Hydroxo complexes form in all systems, and at high pH (ca. 10) aluminate forms. Protonated complexes were formed in some cases. Diprotonated complexes of EDTA and PDTA have been identified by 27Al NMR spectroscopy. Maximum deshielding of the 27Al resonance was observed for the octahedral [Al(EDTA)]- complex. The Al-NTA complex appears to be the most symmetric of the complexes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 28 (1990), S. 922-924 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Aluminium ; aminocarboxylic acid complexes ; 27Al NMR ; potentiometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactions of Al3+ ion with glycine, picolinic acid, 1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid and triethylenetetra-minehexaacetic acid (HpL) were studied by potentiometric and 27Al NMR methods, and the complex species in solution at different pH values were identified. Acidic hydrolysis of the Al-PDTA complex results in the formation of [AIL]-, [Al(H2O)LH] and [Al(H2O)2LH2]+ prior to dissociation, while base hydrolysis takes place through the monohydroxo species. Although TTHA is a decadentate ligand, the maximum number of donor sites utilized in the formation of the 1:1 Al-TTHA complex is only five.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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