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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 4 (1986), S. 1001-1004 
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Intranuclear microinjection of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) protoplasts yielded transformation frequencies of 15–26%. Over 70 transformed callus lines were recovered without selection by microinjecting a variety of plasmids. Analyses of several lines transformed with pTiC58 showed that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The CAT gene which codes for the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was found to be ineffective as a reporter gene in cells and tissues of Brassica species. High levels of endogenous CAT activity were found to be widespread among this genus and did not appear to be distributed in a tissue- or cell-specific manner. Moreover, the presence of an inhibitor of CAT activity was discovered in Brassica napus and Brassica juncea. This inhibitor appeared to act selectively on bacterial CAT in transgenic plants. These findings provided an explanation for difficulties experienced in the detection of transgenic CAT activity in B. napus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) protoplasts derived from cell suspension cultures divided inefficiently in liquid culture. The onset of cell division activity occurred synchronously among the protoplasts; however, many were blocked at cytokinesis and therefore did not complete first division. Very few of the cells that began to divide continued to do so. Immobilization of protoplasts in agarose after 1 to 4 days in liquid culture overcame this inhibition of division. Continuous growth in agarose was restricted and therefore microcolonies were transferred to agar medium to complete callus development. Plating efficiencies of 2–10% were achieved within 30 days of protoplast isolation. The agarose treatment was responsible for a 5- to 30-fold improvement in plating efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Transgenic ; Acetohydroxyacid synthase ; Sulfonylurea ; Imidazolinone ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genes coding for the enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase, often referred to as acetolactate synthase (AHAS, ALS; EC 4.1.3.18), from wild type Arabidopsis thaliana and a sulfonylurea-resistant mutant line GH50 (csrl-1; Haughn et al. 1988) were introduced in Nicotiana tabacum. Both genes were expressed at high levels with the 35S promoter. The csrl-1 gene conferred high levels of resistance to chlorsulfuron whereas the wild type gene did not. As selectable markers, chimaeric AHAS genes yielded transgenic plants on chlorsulfuron but at much lower efficiencies than with a chimaeric neomycin phosphotransferase gene on kanamycin (Sanders et al. 1987). Shoot differentiation from leaf discs was delayed on chlorsulfuron by 4–6 weeks. This study indicated a role for mutant AHAS genes in the genetic manipulation of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants but as selectable markers for plant cells undergoing differentiation no advantage over other genes was perceived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 8 (1989), S. 303-306 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Ti plasmid ; Virulence ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus and Brassica juncea were infected with a number of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. Tumourigenesis was very rapid and extremely efficient on B. juncea with all but one of the strains. Tumourigenesis on B. napus varied widely. It was very efficient with the nopaline strains, was reduced with the succinamopine strain A281 and was very weak with the octopine strains. The latter observation was confirmed with six different B. napus rapeseed cultivars. The selectivity was due to differences in the virulence of Ti plasmids with B. napus, rather than the tumourigenicity of the T-DNA or virulence of the chromosomal genes associated with the strains. An exception was strain LBA4404. The virulence of the octopine strains was increased by coinfection with more virulent disarmed strains and by induction with acetosyringone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 39 (1961), S. 298-312 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is proposed that the grouping of unicellular forms of bacteria into clusters or colonies may be the first step in the evolution of multicellular forms and that any further evolutionary advance would require the subordination of the impulses of the individual in favour of the needs of the “colony”. This latter relationship is exemplified by the group movement of certain aerobic sporeforming bacilli. A description of the nature of this movement on the surface of nutrient agar has been made. Studies on 54 strains showing this group movement reveal that they taxonomically constitute a nebulous group in Morphological Group II of the genus Bacillus according to the presently accepted system of classification (Bergey's Manual 1957). While the large majority of the strains studied morphologically resemble B. alvei, none exhibit the typical physiological characteristics of this species. Considering all the characteristics studied, the strains in our collection could be placed in an indefinite group comprising B. alvei, B. circulans, B. laterosporus and B. pulvifaciens. This however does not reflect any marked dissimilarities between the strains studied but rather the unsatisfactory taxonomy of the species enumerated. A re-examination of the determinative classification of these four species especially with reference to the unsatisfactory use of starch hydrolysis in the key to the genus is suggested.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Conjugation ; Cross inoculation ; Host specificity ; Hydrogen uptake ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract pIJ1008, a Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid which determines hydrogen uptake ability and symbiotic functions in pea was transferable to three of seven natural isolates of R. meliloti tested. In these three strains, pIJ1008 was maintained stably with the respective sym megaplasmid indigenous to each R. meliloti strain. These strains carrying both plasmids nodulated alfalfa but not pea. By reisolation and examination of the strains from alfalfa nodule tissue, it was shown that pIJ1008 continued to be maintained but that pea-nodulation ability was suppressed. In one strain of R. meliloti which carries a 200 kb cryptic plasmid (in addition to a megaplasmid), the transfer and selection for pIJ1008 resulted in the loss of the cryptic plasmid. In three separate plant growth experiments, alfalfa nodules induced by each of the R. meliloti strain carrying both sym plasmids were assayed for hydrogen uptake activity. The average activity was 40-, 3.5-and 2-fold higher than with the respective pIJ1008-free strains. However, this higher activity was not accompanied by an increase in plant biomass or nitrogen content of shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 11 (1988), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: host specificity ; nod DNA homology ; nodulation genes ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; symbiotic plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizobium leguminosarum strains that can form nodules on Pisum sativum cv. Afghanistan have been reported as uncommon in Europe, North America and Africa [11, 12]. The organization of the nodulation regions of the symbiotic plasmids of five strains of R. leguminosarum originating from Denmark [9], which can nodulate P. sativum cv. Afghanistan, was compared with that of a Turkish strain (TOM [18]) by DNA hybridizations. Four of the five Danish strains were found to be very similar to the Turkish strain with respect to the overall organizations of their respective nodulation regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 837-851 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; binary vector ; gene fusion ; β-glucuronidase ; T-DNA insertion ; transgenic tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A binary vector, pPRF120, was designed to detect T-DNA insertions within transcriptionlly active areas of the plant genome. Linked to the right-border repeat, the vector contains a promoterless β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene which can, upon integration into chromosomes, be activated by cis-acting regulatory elements. The vector also incorporates a chimeric marker gene conferring resistance to kanamycin to ensure recovery of gene fusions regardless of the extent of their tissue-specific or developmentally regulated expression, and to permit analysis of the frequency of plants which express the promoterless reporter. Approximately 1000 transgenic tobacco plants harboring pPRF120 were regenerated. Analysis of 52 individuals indicated that more than 80% contain single, intact copies of the T-DNA, regardless of their ability to express the promoterless GUS gene. Screening of leaf tissue from the 1000 pPRF120 transformants revealed that ca. 5% of the plants contained GUS activity. Fluorogenic and histological GUS assays were used to visualize and quantify tissue- and cell-specific gene expression. The potential usefulness of pPRF120 in comparison to other vectors designed to generate in vivo gene fusions is discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; microspore embryogenesis ; napin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Brassica napus cv. Topas microspores can be diverted from pollen development toward haploid embryo formation in culture by subjecting them to a heat stress treatment. We show that this switch in developmental pathways is accompanied by the induction of high levels of napin seed storage protein gene expression. Changes in the plant growth or microspore culture conditions were not by themselves sufficient to induce napin gene expression. Specific members of the napin multigene family were cloned from a cDNA library prepared from microspores that had been induced to undergo embryogenesis. The majority of napin clones represented three members (BnmNAP2, BnmNAP3 and BnmNAP4) that, along with a previously isolated napin genomic clone (BngNAP1), constitute the highly conserved BnmNAP subfamily of napin genes. Both RNA gel blot analysis, using a subfamily-specific probe, and histochemical analysis of transgenic plants expressing a BngNAP1 promoter-β-glucuronidase gene fusion demonstrated that the BnmNAP subfamily is expressed in embryogenic microspores as well as during subsequent stages of microsporic embryo development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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