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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) has been proposed to play a key role in the degenerative processes observed in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In the immune system the cellular responses to TNF are mediated by two different receptors: TNF-RI, which is involved in cell death, and TNF-RII, which has been shown to mediate cell proliferation. We investigated the oligodendroglial expression of TNF-RI and -RII. In vivo, in normal adult rodent brain, oligodendrocytes express TNF-RII but not TNF-RI. However, after 3 days in culture, both types of receptors were expressed by mature oligodendrocytes, purified from 4-week-old rats, suggesting that expression of TNF-RI was induced by either the isolation process or the culture conditions. This inducibility of TNF-RI may explain the differences in oligodendrocyte cell death reported in various experimental conditions and in the pathology of MS lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 74 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: If cytokines are constitutively expressed by and act on neurons in normal adult brain, then we may have to modify our current view that they are predominantly inflammatory mediators. We critically reviewed the literature to determine whether we could find experimental basis for such a modification. We focused on two “proinflammatory” cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) because they have been most thoroughly investigated in shaping our current thinking. Evidence, although equivocal, indicates that the genes coding for these cytokines and their accessory proteins are expressed by neurons, in addition to glial cells, in normal brain. Their expression is region- and cell type-specific. Furthermore, bioactive cytokines have been extracted from various regions of normal brain. The cytokines’ receptors selectively are present on all neural cell types, rendering them responsive to cytokine signaling. Blocking their action modifies multiple neural “house-keeping” functions. For example, blocking IL-1 or TNFα by several independent means alters regulation of sleep. This indicates that these cytokines likely modulate in the brain behavior of a normal organism. In addition, these cytokines are likely involved in synaptic plasticity, neural transmission, and Ca2+ signaling. Thus, the evidence strongly suggests that these cytokines perform neural functions in normal brain. We therefore propose that they should be thought of as neuromodulators in addition to inflammatory mediators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 475 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La restauration des monoamine oxydases (MAO) cérébrales et hépatiques est étudiée chez le Rat après une administration intrapéritonéale unique d'un inhibiteur irréversible, la PIH (Catron®), au moyen d'une technique histochimique et d'une technique biochimique. La régénération de l'activité enzymatique paraît nécessiter la synthèse de nouvelles molécules de MAO étant donné la lenteur du processus de restauration qui suit une courbe sensiblement linéaire. La restauration de l'activité MAO est plus rapide dans le foie que dans le cerveau. En ce qui concerne ce dernier, la régénération paraît plus rapide au niveau du tronc et du cervelet que dans le cerveau total. Toutefois, les structures qui, comme lelocus coeruleus, sont visualisées les premières par la méthode histochimique, ne paraissent pas correspondre à des sites préférentiels de régénération de l'enzyme, mais à une concentration locale de MAO très élevée.
    Notes: Summary Cerebral and hepatic restauration of monoamine oxidases is studied in the rat after a single intraperitoneal administration of an irreversible inhibitor (β-phenylisopropyl hydrazine or PIH or Catron®) by means of both a histochemical and a biochemical method. Regeneration of enzymatic activity appears dependent on synthesis of new MAO molecules because of the slowness of the process. Restauration of MAO activity occurs more rapidly in the liver than in the brain. As regards the latter, the regeneration seems to be more rapid in the brain stem and in the cerebellum than in the whole brain. However, the structures as thelocus coeruleus which are the first visualized by the histochemical method do not seem to correspond to preferential localizations of enzymatic regeneration but to a very high concentration of MAO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A double ligand enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect antibodies against brain tissue antigens in the sera of patients with neurological diseases. The sera were tested on human white matter homogenate. The technique consists of successive incubations with the human serum to be tested, rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) to human immunoglobulins (Ig), alkaline phosphate-labeled protein A and alkaline phosphatase substrate. This procedure has the advantage of increased sensitivity compared to the classical ELISA. Application of this procedure to the sera of patients with neurological diseases showed that the unspecific binding is very low and the results are reliable. Moreover the test allows the detection of antibodies to chemically different antigenic structures that can occur in a variety of neurological diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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