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  • 1
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background The Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire (BWSQ, Tyrer et al. 1990) has been developed to measure distinct features of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. However, psychometric evaluations of this questionnaire are scarce.Aims, setting To evaluate the BWSQ during a discontinuation program carried out by general practitioners in 230 depressed chronic benzodiazepine users.Findings Reliability coefficients during the program were between 0.84 and 0.88 and the test-retest correlations were between 0.75 and 0.88 during withdrawal. Mean scores of the BWSQ during withdrawal differentiated between completers and failures (p = 0.036). The factor structure underlying the items consisted of perceptual and sensory disturbances, dysphoric mood, muscular pain and memory loss. Low scores during the last phase of tapering off predicted no, or limited, use of benzodiazepines in the first years following discontinuation (p = 0.003).Conclusions We found the BWSQ to measure symptoms during benzodiazepine withdrawal in a reliable way. Our findings indicate some construct validity for BWSQ. Low scores during withdrawal predict more limited future use of benzodiazepines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 44 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Whether an infection with Salmonella spp. leads to a disease largely depends on the virulence of the strain and the constitution of the host. The virulence of the strain is determined by so-called virulence factors. Whereas a number of virulence factors of Salmonella have been identified only recently, others have been studied for decades. These latter virulence factors i.e., virulence-plasmids, toxins, fimbriae and flagella are therefore referred to as “classic” virulence factors. Here we present an overview on the distribution of (genes coding for) these virulence factors among Salmonella spp. The pathogenicity islands of Salmonella are also reviewed, all be it briefly, since they contain a major part of the virulence genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 435 (2005), S. 746-747 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Water is unique. The chemistry of living organisms depends on its combination of unusual properties, and it is difficult to imagine life in the absence of the aqueous medium. For synthetic organic chemistry, however, it is less important, because water is traditionally not a popular choice of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; (Auto‐)intoxication ; Selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors ; Self‐poisoning ; Toxicity ; Tricyclic antidepressants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Many overdosed patients are admitted to an ICU. Antidepressants are frequently used. We examined clinical end‐points of toxicity recorded during admission to our ICU of all antidepressants used in overdose. Design: Single centre; retrospective analysis, 5 consecutive years (1994 ― 1998). Setting: Intensive and Respiratory Care Unit, Groningen University Hospital. Participants: 86 patients admitted to the ICU because of antidepressant self‐poisoning ― database of 258 consecutively admitted patients with (auto‐)intoxication. Results: Significantly more patients were intoxicated with TCAs (65) compared with SSRIs (20; p 〈 0.05), despite the fact that the number of prescriptions of antidepressants in the community was greater for SSRIs than for TCAs. Patients intoxicated with TCAs needed significantly more often tracheal intubation (27/65 vs 7/20; p 〈 0.05), and these individuals had also significantly more often tachycardia (14 vs. 3) and QRS‐complex widening (19 vs. 1), compared to those with non‐TCA antidepressant intoxication (p 〈 0.05). Conclusions: TCA self‐poisoning has remained the predominant cause of morbidity among patients with auto‐intoxication admitted to our ICU in the previous years. The data from this ICU‐population confirm previous evidence that SSRIs are safer in overdose than TCAs. This finding was not explained by more prescriptions in the community of TCAs compared with SSRIs. Physicians should be more reluctant in prescribing TCAs to depressed patients in whom the risk of self‐poisoning is difficult to assess.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 8 (1957), S. 6-17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Current density, Potentials and Loss of Metal in Galvanic Cells with the e-Acceptors H3O+ and O2Current densities, potentials and corrosions of galvanic cells with constant reference electrodes were measured in dependance of pH-values. The influence of e-acceptors H+ and O2 in the anode- and cathode-electrolytes upon the electrochemical datas above mentioned could be found out.The result is, that the electrochemical values as the activity of local elements, current density and potential must be generally determined to allow an estimation on the corrosions to be expected. In special cases the knowledge of current xdensities or potentials is sufficient. The influence of inhibitors upon the electron transitions to the e-acceptors was investigated. The inhibitors were classified in dependance of their anodic and cathodic activity. All positive inhibitors are causing a decrease of the activity of local elements (on anodes, cathodes and single electrodes). An approximated amount of the transition resistance in te two phase boundary of a certain element could be given.
    Notes: Durch Untersuchungen an Elementen mit jeweils einer konstanten Gegenelektrode wurden die Stromdichten, Potentiale und Korrosionen in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert gemessen. Der Einfluß der e-Nehmer H+ und O2 in Anoden- und Kathodenelektrolyten auf die obigen elektrochemischen Größen konnte bestimmt werden. Es ergab sich, daß im allgemeinen die elektrochemischen Größen Unterlokalelementtätigkeit, Stromdichte und Potential bekannt sein müssen, um eine Voraussage über die zu erwartenden Korrosionen machen zu können. In Sonderfällen genügen Stromdichten oder Potentiale. Der Einfluß der Wirkstoffe (Inhibitoren) auf den e-Übergang zu den e-Nehmern wurde untersucht und eine Einteilung der Wirkstoffe in Hinblick auf ihre anodische und kathodische Wirksamkeit gegeben. Gemeinsam ist allen positiven Wirkstoffen die Erniedrigung der Unterlokalelementtätigkeit (an Anoden, Kathoden und Einzelelektroden). Für den Übergangswiderstand in den Zweiphasengrenzen eines bestimmten Elementes konnte ein ungefährer Wert angegeben werden.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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