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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermosensitive Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Synthesis, Characterization, and Macromolecular Release (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 27 (1994), S. 4167-4175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00093a018
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wetland protection as land-use planning: The impact of section 404 in Wisconsin, USA (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental management 16 (1992), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Wetlands ; Regulation ; Land use ; Planning ; Evaluation ; Wisconsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The ability of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act to act as an effective, efficient, and equitable land-use planning tool was assessed through a survey of Section 404 permits in Wisconsin. In a six-month period of permitting, the 404 program reduced wetland losses in the state by 15%. Several factors were examined that may affect permit decisions; these factors are water dependency, alternatives, project type, wetland type, and public or agency comments. Only the water dependency of the project had a statistically significant effect on permit decisions, although development projects that were perceived to provide public good were more likely to be permitted. Environmental impacts of a proposed fill project were not adequately assessed in any of the permit decisions. Because of the way Section 404 is interpreted and administered by the US Army Corps of Engineers, increasing net benefits and achieving an equitable distribution of those benefits is difficult. The corps does not perform any functional evaluations of wetlands nor do they attempt to measure economic value and environmental impacts. In addition, the 404 review process is, in effect, inaccessible to the public. The de facto interpretations of the Section 404 regulations and a lack of program funding and trained personnel all contribute to the program's ineffectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02400073
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-GAD Monoclonal Antibody Delays the Onset of Diabetes Mellitus in NOD Mice (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 1059-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: anti-GAD antibody ; insulitis ; immune-modulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM type I) is the result of autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells by the cellular immune system, specifically, autoreactive T cells. Disease progression is evident by multiple autoantibodies responding to self-antigens in a cascade mechanism, wherein the first self-antigen induces the activation of the immune system, leading to the destruction of β-cells and consequently, exposure of other antigens. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) is recognized in the literature as a primary autoantigen involved in the cascade. We questioned the immunological involvement of this autoantigen in the overall progression of the disease, specifically if antigen recognition by the cellular immune system (T cells) is necessary for organ specific autoimmunity and cellular toxicity. We tested this hypothesis by isolating, purifying and injecting monoclonal antibodies against GAD (anti-GAD Ab; 0.1 mg or 0.3 mg) into non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice on a weekly basis. We suggest that the anti-GAD Ab will bind to the GAD antigen, or perhaps bind to the epitope presented in association with APC-MHC and prevent T cell recognition, thereby delaying disease onset. Our results demonstrate a delay in the onset of diabetes and a decrease in the severity of insulitis in our test animals, when compared to controls. The mechanism of action of the anti-GAD Ab may be associated with a passive protection mechanism, as evidenced by the fact that splenocytes transferred from anti-GAD Ab treated mice did not prevent or delay diabetes in syngeneic irradiated NOD mice. The mechanism of diabetes prevention by administration of anti-GAD antibody could be associated with an interference in recognition of GAD by T cells, and continuing research will be perform to investigate this hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018939900961
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of SPUU-PEO-heparin graft copolymers (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 1725-1737 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: (heparin-PEO) grafted segmented polyurethaneurea ; surface modification ; nonthrombogenic surface ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new synthetic approach for the preparation of segmented polyurethaneurea (SPUU)-PEO-Heparin graft copolymers (B-PEO-Hep) has been developed. The procedure involved the coupling of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) to soluble Biomer® (B) through an allophanate/biuret reaction. The free isocyanate (NCO) groups attached to Biomer® were then coupled to PEO terminal hydroxyl groups to form PEO grafted Biomer® (B-PEO). B-PEO free hydroxy groups were modified with HMDI to introduce terminal isocyanate groups. The NCO functionalized B-PEO was then coupled to heparin (Hep) functional groups (—OH, —NH2) producing B-PEO-Hep graft copolymer. Synthetic intermediates were confirmed by FTIR, NCO group determination, and toluidine blue heparin assay. Physical characterization techniques, such as contact angle measurements, water swelling, light scattering measurements, and DSC thermal analysis, detailed properties of the graft copolymer containing covalently bound heparin. This new heparinized copolymer can be applied as a coating on other existing blood contacting surfaces without changing bulk properties. The heparin bioactivity observed attests to the usefulness of this new procedure as a coating to improve the blood compatibility of blood-contacting surfaces.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080291206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective protein transport through a thin cellulose coated porous membrane (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: composite membrane ; spin coating ; permselectivity ; implant ; regenerated cellulose ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new composite membrane was designed and studied for permselectivity of various molecular weight proteins. The membrane is composed of a porous substrate membrane [Durapore; poly(vinylidene fluoride)] coated with a thin dense layer of regenerated cellulose. This composite membrane was fabricated by spin coating a cellulose acetate solution onto the membrane, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the cellulose acetate coating to regenerate cellulose. The coated layer was physically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In addition, the water uptake into and permeation properties of macromolecules across the coated and uncoated membranes were studied. A typical composite membrane coating was 0.8 ± 0.2 μm thick, resulting in a molecular weight cutoff of approximately 40,000 daltons. This composite membrane also demonstrated negligible diffusional lag time for permeants, due to the diffusional barrier. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260430304
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of soluble concanavalin A oligomer (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41 (1993), S. 957-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: concanavalin A ; soluble protein oligomer ; insulin derivatives ; glucose binding ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Concanavalin A, (Con A, MW 26,500/monomer unit) was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form soluble, high-molecular-weight (larger than MW 300,000) Con A Oligomers. After filtration to remove insoluble and low-molecular-weight portions (below 300,000 daltons), the size and molecular-weight distribution were characterized by laser light scattering and gel-filtration chromatography. The molecular-size determined by laser light scattering ranged from 870 to 4070 Å, while the molecular weight determined by gel chromatography ranged from 6 × 105 to higher than 2 × 106 daltons. The affinity and kinetics of Con A oligomer binding to polysaccharide (glycogen) were evaluated by precipitation test and turbidity development, respectively. The binding with glycogen was strongest at neutral pH and showed similar activity to unmodified Con A molecules. The binding constants of α-D-glucose and succinyl-aminophenyl α-D glucopyranoside-insulin to Con A oligomer were 1.0 × 103M-1 and 4.5 × 104M-1, respectively and the binding capacity of the oligomer was nearly 85% to 95% of monomeric Con A. The complexes of saccharides and soluble Con A oligomer were stable for at least 7 days. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260411006
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal-oxidative degradation of poly(ethyl acrylate) (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 86-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal-oxidative degradation of films of poly(ethyl acrylate) about 35 μ thick were studied in the temperature range of 80 to 120°C. The degradation was followed by determining intrinsic viscosity changes, absorption of oxygen, and production of titratable acidity in the polymer. From viscosity results an apparent activation energy of 28.6 kcal. was calculated. Only very slight degradation occurred when the polymer was heated in a vacuum. In air, the reaction is inhibited by the presence of hydroquinone, while the addition of benzoyl peroxide caused a rapid degradation even in a vacuum. The rate of oxygen absorption was found to be similar to that typical of autocatalytic oxidations. Oxygen diffusion did not appear to be the rate-determining factor in the degradation of films 10 to 70 μ thick. The weight loss during degradation was very small, but infrared and mass spectra indicated the presence of carbon dioxide, ethanol, formic acid, and water among the volatile products. A degradation mechanism based on hydroperoxide formation and decomposition is suggested.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020413
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet irradiation of poly(ethyl acrylate) in vacuum. II. Mechanism of the reactionPresented to the Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N. J., September 17, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3 (1960), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Irradiation of poly(ethyl acrylate) films in the absence oxygen with ultraviolet light of 254 mp wavelength results in chain scission and crossliking. The effects of film thickness, light intensity, and temperature of irradiation on this process have been determined, and the volatile reaction products have been analyzed in the mass spectrograph. The data suggest that the primary result of irradiation is splitting off ester side chains. The polymer radicals remaining can crosslinked by combination with one another or cleaved a decomposition reaction. There is a large change observed in the rate of the crosslinking reaction in the neighborhood of the glass transition temperature (-17°C.), but scission reaction shows only a very small temperature
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1960.070030816
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet irradiation of poly(ethyl acrylate) in vacuum. I. Swelling, solubility, and viscosityPresented to the Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N. J., September 17, 1959. (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3 (1960), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Films of poly(ethyl acrylate) were irradiated in a vacuum with ultraviolet light of 254 mμ wavelength, and changes in their swelling, solubility, and intrinsic viscosity were determined. The results were interpreted as being due to simultaneous crosslinking and chain scission. The ratio of the rates of the two processes was determined from solubility data by means of Charlesby's theory and it was found that two crosslinked units form for each chain scission. Crosslink contents obtained in this way and the swelling data were used to evaluate χ1, the polymer-solvent interaction constant, in the Flory-Rehner theory. It was found that χ1 was not a constant with the solvent used, which was acetone. However, using an average χ1 of 0.46, which has also been reported from osmotic pressure data, crosslink contents calculated from the Flory-Rehner theory were in good agreement with those from solubility data for values less than 10-5 moles of crosslinked units per cm.3.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1960.070030815
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antithrombogenic surfaces: Characterization and bioactivity of surface immobilized PGE1-heparin conjugate (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 23 (1989), S. 611-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A covalently bonded conjugate of commercial grade heparin and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was synthesized to prevent both fibrin formation and platelet aggregation during thrombus formation. The PGE1-heparin conjugate was immobilized on an imidazole carbamate derivatized sepharose bead surface through hydrophilic spacer groups (diamino-terminated polyethylene oxides). One end of the spacer group was coupled to the derivatized surface through a urethane bond between the amine group of the spacer and the derivatized surface. The free amine group of the immobilized spacers was coupled to a carboxylic group of the PGE1-heparin conjugate through an amide bond. Bioactivity of the immobilized conjugate (heparin activity) was measured in terms of increased clotting times (thrombin time assay) and for the inactivation of Factor Xa. Bioactivity of the immobilized compound (PGE1 activity) was analyzed by platelet adhesion and platelet release reactions using C14-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The conjugate immobilized via the C2 spacer showed the highest incidence of platelet adhesion, 5-HT released and the lowest activity for coagulation factors. In contrast, the 1000 and 4000 immobilized systems showed a significant reduction in platelet activation, while having the greatest effect on coagulation factors. The results of these experiments imply that the immobilized conjugate is active in preventing both pathways of thrombus formation, and the efficacy is improved thorugh the use of long-chain hydrophilic spacer groups.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820230606
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