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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 238 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 265 (1977), S. 600-602 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Bioelectric fields may segregate charged components floating in the plasma membranes of cells by a process of electrophoresis along the membrane. Molecules in cell membranes may be sorted to different portions of the cell surface by such electrical gradients. We present here a theory to support ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 339 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A few years ago, Gilkey et al. showed that the development of medaka fish eggs begins with a free calcium explosion within the cytoplasm. This paper summarizes those findings; provides an interim report on the effects of injecting calcium and hydrogen ion buffers into medaka eggs; reviews recent evidence of similar calcium increases in other activating eggs, as well as sperm and oocytes (Table 1); and attempts to put these explosions in a broader context (Figures 1 and 4).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 144 (1979), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: A23187 gradients ; Calcium ; Germination (moss spores) ; Electric fields-Funaria ; Ionophore gradient ; Moss spores-Polarization ; Spores (moss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used both steady electric fields, and gradients of the divalent ionophore, A23187, to control the point at which rhizoids emerge from spores of the common moss Funaria hygrometrica. The spores were grown in a medium containing calcium nitrate as the only major salt. Spores tend to form rhizoids towards the positive electrode, with a half maximal response to a difference of 4–8 mV across each cell. They also tend to form rhizoids towards the end of higher ionophore concentration in response to A23187 gradients. Both of these responses are the same at pH 5.5 and 8.0. Our tentative explanation is that Funaria spores tend to form rhizoids where most calcium enters. However, the point of chloronema emergence is scarcely affected by steady fields of up to 45 mV/cell. Moreover, when steady fields are applied across already developed rhizoids or chloronemata, their subsequent growth is directed towards the negative electrode in both cases, with rhizoids giving a 50% response at only 3—5 mV/cell, and chloronemata being less responsive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 133 (1976), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell-wall formation ; Fucoid eggs ; Pelvetia ; Fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell-wall formation in the egg of Pelvetia fastigiata (J.G. Agardh) DeToni (Fucaceae) was studied with freeze-fracture. 1. The wall is lamellated with microfibrils approximately parallel in each lamella. The average orientation of microfibrils turns about 35° in each subsequent lamella. This slow turn gives rise to bow-shaped arcs when the wall is obliquely cross fractured. 2. The organization of the fibrils in the innermost lamellae is visualized by their imprints on the plasma membrane. These imprints are the result of both turgor pressure and adhesion of fibrils to the membrane. 3. Strings of membrane particles appear on the plasma membrane shortly after fertilization. They seem to be formed by a fertilization-induced aggregation of isolated membrane particles. Later each string comes to lie under a fibril and along its imprint. Peculiar lateral rips indicate that some strings are tightly bound to a fibril and may be involved in its orientation. 4. Wall formation in Pelvetia is marked by pronounced secretory activities. Following fertilization, the fusion of cortical vesicles and other vesicles make numerous loci in the plasma membrane. In older embryos, fibril-free patches in the plasma membrane mark the position of microfibril elongation centers in the wall matrix. Prior to germination, these elongation centers and their corresponding membrane patches reach a high density at the presumptive rhizoid end.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 140 (1978), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium fluxes ; Fucoid eggs ; Ion fluxes ; Membrane potential ; Pelvetia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 45Ca2+ fluxes across the plasma membrane of zygotes of the fucoid alga, Pelvetia fastagiata (J. Ag.) De Toni, were studied in artificial sea waters of various potassium concentrations. Except for two cases, hyperpolarization of the cell membrane (with low [K+]) increases, and depolarization (with high [K+]) decreases the influx of Ca2+ over the range of [K+] studied (1–100 mM). The fractional increases of influx during hyperpolarization are close to the fractional increases in membrane potential but the decreases during depolarization are much smaller than those in membrane potential. In two anomalous cases, the influxes of 45Ca2+ at a potassium concentration of 30 mM were about 20% higher than the control value instead of being 10% lower. The effluxes of 45Ca2+ are increased by both hyperpolarization and by depolarization. On balance (and excepting the two anomalous cases) the net result of hyperpolarization should be to increase and that of depolarization to decrease intracellular [Ca2+].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 133 (1976), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Pollen tubes ; Growth current ; Potassium leak ; Proton pump ; Lilium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growing lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) pollen always drive a current into their tubes and out of their grains. The only external ions needed for growth (and the growth current) are K+, H+, and Ca2+. Increases in K+ immediately stimulate the current; while decreases in K+ immediately inhibit it. Comparable changes in H+ have the opposite effect; while those in Ca2+ have very little effect. We infer that most of the steady growth current is carried in by a potassium leak and out by a proton pump; but other considerations indicate that a minor, but controlling, component of the inward current consists of calcium ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ion transport ; Microelectrode (ion-selective, vibrating) ; Suspension cell ; Zea (ion transport)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ion-selective vibrating-microelectrode system, which was originally used to measure extracellular Ca2+ gradients generated by Ca2+ currents, was used to study K+, H+ and Ca2+ transport in intact maize (Zea mays L.) roots and individual maize suspension cells. Comparisons were made between the vibrating ion-selective microelectrode, and a technique using stationary ion-selective microelectrodes to measure ionic gradients in the unstirred layer at the surface of plant roots. The vibrating-microelectrode system was shown to be a major improvement over stationary ion-selective microelectrodes, in terms of sensitivity and temporal resolution. With the vibrating ion microelectrode, it was easy to monitor K+ influxes into maize roots in a background K+ concentration of 10 mM or more, while stationary K+ electrodes were limited to measurements in a background K+ concentration of 0.3 mM or less. Also, with this system it was possible to conduct a detailed study of root Ca2+ transport, which was previously not possible because of the small fluxes involved. For example, we were able to investigate the effect of the excision of maize roots on Ca2+ influx. When an intact maize root was excised from the seedling at a position 3 cm from the site of measurement of Ca2+ transport, a rapid fourfold stimulation of Ca2+ influx was observed followed by dramatic oscillations in Ca2+ flux, oscillating between Ca2+ influx and efflux. These results clearly demonstrate that wound or perturbation responses of plant organs involve transient alterations in Ca2+ transport, which had previously been inferred by demonstrations of touch-induced changes in cytoplasmic calcium. The sensitivity of this system allows for the measurement of ion fluxes in individual plant cells. Using vibrating K+ and H+electrodes, it was possible to measure H+efflux and both K+ influx and efflux in individual maize suspension cells under different conditions. The availability of this technique will greatly improve our ability to study ion transport at the cellular level, in intact plant tissues and organs, and in specialized cells, such as root hairs or guard cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of Pelvetia fastigiata De Toni respond to sudden decreases in osmotic pressure by driving characteristic current pulses through themselves. One group of pulses occurs immediately after the pressure decrease and another often follows about 1 h later. While there is a measurable response to decreases as small as 3%, a far larger response occurs above a threshold change of 8–10%. These pulses involve an efflux of Cl− and K+ ions which approximately restores the original turgor pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 65 (1968), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fucus-Zygoten wurden in der Zeit zwischen 3 und 18 Stdn. nach ihrer Befruchtung konstant und laminar strömendem Seewasser ausgesetzt: Je nach pH-Wert und Strömungsgeschwindigkeit entwickelten daraufhin bis zu 60% einer Zellpopulation ihre Polaritätsachse parallel zur Strömungsrichtung. Bei pH 6,5 und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten von 0,01 bis zu 10Μ/sec bildeten die Zellen ihren Rhizoidpol stromabwärts. Die quantitative Analyse dieser rheotropischen Reaktion benutzte ein früher entwickeltes Modell, welches beschreibt, wie die Verteilung einer Substanz um ihre kugelförmige Quelle in Abhängigkeit von der Geschwindigkeit eines umgebenden strömenden Mediums zu Konzentrationsunterschieden zwischen Luv- und Leepol der Kugel führt. Nun wächst die gefundene rheotropische Reaktion in gleicher Weise mit der Strömungs-geschwindigkeit und strebt auch dem gleichen Maximalwerte um 25% zu, wie der Konzentrationsunterschied im Modell; vgl. die Spalten 2 und 3 in Tabelle 2. Diese übereinstimmung erlaubt den Schluß, daß die rheotropische Reaktion auf der Umverteilung eines von der Zelle emittierten Wuchsstoffes beruht, dessen Diffusionskonstante 10−8 cm2/sec beträgt; der unbekannte Wuchsstoff muß daher hochmolekular sein (M〉107). Qualitativ entspricht diese rheotropische Reaktion bei pH 6,5 dempositiven Gruppeneffekt; beide Reaktionen sind nur bei pH-Werten 〈7,0 reproduzierbar. Andererseits spricht die sehr niedrige Diffusionskonstante des rheotropisch wirksamen Stoffes gegen dessen Rolle als Mittler despositiven Gruppeneffektes. Bei Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten 〉 1Μ/sec (pH 7,1 und 8,1) sowie 100Μ/sec (pH 6,5) treiben die Zellen das Rhizoid am stromaufwärtigen Pol aus. Dabei weicht das Ausmaß der Reaktion so stark vom theoretisch erwartbaren ab, daß der verantwortliche, hier wuchshemmende Stoff nicht näher charakterisiert werden kann; er ist wesentlich beweglicher, somit von viel geringerem Molekulargewicht als sein wuchsförderndes Gegenstück. Ein anderer Mechanismus als das Zusammenspiel von Konvektion und Diffusion kommt auch hier kaum in Frage, da eine Erhöhung der Viskosität des Seewassers (auf das Zwölffache) die rheotropische Reaktion nicht berührt.
    Notes: Summary Zygotes of the brown alga speciesFucus furcatus were allowed to differentiate while being subjected to a steady laminar flow of sea water. The cell polarity was found, as a consequence, to be determined rheotropically. At pH 6.5, the cells tend to form their rhizoidal pole downstream, if the flow speeds range from 0.01 to 10Μ per second. The degree of this downstream orientation increases with flow speed in a way that indicates that it is brought about by convective redistribution of a macromolecular and locally effective growth stimulator with a diffusion constant of the order of 10−8 cm2/second. Qualitatively, the downstream response concurs with thepositive group effect since both responses are due to a stimulator and are more or less restricted to pH〈7.0. At two other pH values tested, 7.1 and 8.1, no relevant downstream orientation was detected. At flow speeds 〉1Μ/second (pH 7.1 and 8.1) and 100Μ/second (pH 6.5), a very strong upstream orientation of the rhizoid formation was found. This upstream response may be mediated by convective redistribution of a relatively mobile growth inhibitor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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