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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Manduca sexta ; Heliothis zea ; Anagasta kuehniella ; Plodia interpunctella ; Sitotroga cerealella ; biological control ; augmentation ; host size ; wasp size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a study of the quality ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammidae), we compared female wasps emerging from natural hosts, parasitized in the laboratory or the field with those emerging from factitious hosts used for commercial mass production. Females from the natural hosts were larger, more fecund, and longer lived than those from the factitious hosts. Compared to small females, large female wasps are substantially more fecund when honey (carbohydrate) is available but marginally more fecund when honey is unavailable. The size of a femaleT. pretiosum depends on two factors: the size of the host egg from which it emerges even when the wasp was gregarious, and the number of conspecifics that emerge with it. The similarities in the size distribution of female wasps emerging from natural hosts, in conjunction with the mechanism by whichTrichogramma measure host size and allocate eggs accordingly, suggests the hypothesis that size related components of fitness in femaleT. pretiosum are under strong selection in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: greenhouse whitefly ; stylet penetration ; electrical recording ; electron microscopy ; virus transmission ; feeding-site selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De précédentes études ont montré que les propriétés internes (physiques et/ou chimiques) d'une plante peuvent induire la sélection du site de nutrition de la mouche blanche de serres, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.). Afin d'étudier plus avant le processus de sélection du site de nutrition, les activités de piqûre et le chemin suivi par le stylet dans les tissus de la plante-hôte ont été étudiés par une méthode d'enregistrement électrique en courant continu ainsi que par microscopie à transmission d'électrons (TEM). Des aleurodes en activité de piqûre attachées à un fil d'or ont été incluses dans un circuit électrique pour enregistrer des graphes de pénétration électriques (EPG). Sept motifs d'EPG ont été distingués, dont cinq peuvent être corrélés aux composantes du processus de pénétration du stylet: 1) un avec pénétration de la surface foliaire, 2) un avec pénétration interecellulaire et sécrétion d'une gaine de salive, 3) un avec pénétration du phloème, 4) un avec courte pénétration d'une cellule, et 5) un avec pénétration du xylème. Le parcours du stylet est presque entièrement intercellulaire avant que le phloème soit atteint. Contrairement aux pucerons, les ponctions brèves dans le symplasme sont rares. Généralement, T. vaporariorum met plus d'une demi-heure, à partir du début d'une piqûre, pour atteindre un vaisseau. Le rejet des sites de nutrition par les aleurodes adultes se passe quelques minutes après la pénétration du stylet; pendant ce laps de temps, le stylet pénétrerait juste sous l'épiderme. Le rôle des propriétés de l'apoplaste près de la surface foliaire semble donc majeur dans la sélection des sites de nutrition.
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have indicated that interior (physical and/or chemical) properties of a plant may be responsible for feeding-site selection by the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.). In order to study the process of feeding-site selection further, stylet-penetration activities and the pathway followed by the stylets in host-plant tissue were investigated using a DC electrical recording method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Penetrating whiteflies attached to a gold wire were included in an electrical circuit to record electrical penetration graphs (EPGs). Seven EPG patterns have been distinguished, five of which could be correlated with components of the stylet-penetration process: 1) one with penetration of the leaf surface, 2) one with intercellular penetration and salivary-sheath secretion, 3) one with sieve element penetration and ingestion, 4) one with short penetration of a cell, and 5) one with xylem penetration. The stylet pathway is almost completely intercellular before the phloem is reached and in contrast to aphids, brief symplast punctures are very rare. In general, it takes T. vaporariorum more than half an hour from the start of a penetration to reach a sieve element. Rejection of feeding sites occurs within a few minutes of penetration by adult whiteflies, a time span in which stylets are presumed to penetrate just beyond the epidermis. Properties of the apoplast close to the leaf surface seem therefore to play a major role in feeding-site selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 95 (1993), S. 401-409 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Spodoptera exempta ; Gravel culture system ; Nutritional ecology ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of organic nitrogen, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium and water content of leaves of intact maize plants, grown in a gravel culture system, on the fitness of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were studied. Organic nitrogen concentrations ranged from 1.3% to 3.7% over four treatments differing only in nitrate supply to the plants. Water content and other mineral levels were all positively correlated with the organic nitrogen level. Feeding damage by the caterpillars was most severe on the lowest nitrate treatments, where it could be least well compensated for by new leaf growth. Larval and pupal fitness variables were not affected by treatment, except for larval development on the lowest nitrate treatment which was delayed by just 1 day. The large compensatory capacity of the larvae was underlined by a similar mineral composition of the pupae in all treatments. Adult fitness variables hardly differed between the upper three nitrate treatments, but revealed a trend over all treatments: the higher the organic nitrogen content of the leaves, the shorter the pre-oviposition period and the higher the fecundity. This trend, however, might have been due to differences in available food quantity rather than in food quality. It is concluded that fitness of the African armyworm is only slightly affected over a wide range of nitrogen concentrations in its food. Though effects might be larger under field conditions, the large differences in outbreak development between years seem not to be attributable to observed differences in nitrogen levels in host plants between years in primary outbreak areas. Other environmental factors appear to be of greater importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 479-503 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Sea-state dependent stress ; Statistical error analysis ; HEXMAX ; Charnock parameter ; Sea roughness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There have been several claims, either explicit or by implication, either based on experimental evidence or on theoretical reasoning, that the wind stress is modified by the stage of development of the wind sea. However, the overall evidence is weak, because theories are still incomplete and because it is questionable whether the sea-state effect, which is of the order of 10%, can be separated from experimental noise, which is of the order of 20%. In this paper a rigorous statistical analysis of HEXMAX data is pursued in order to establish the significance of sea-state effects. It appears that the enhanced drag, especially at high winds, which has already been established by previous analyses, cannot be attributed to the effect of young waves. The analysis provides no clues for the actual mechanism, which could be related to breaking or shoaling waves. As the effect of sea-state on wind stress is much smaller than the experimental noise level, it is hard to detect. Nevertheless, HEXMAX seems to contain a wave effect that is at the edge of statistical significance. It is, however, not the wave age itself that influences the drag, but a parameter involving wave height. Because the HEXMAX evidence is only indicative, we conclude that the issue set out in this paper cannot be answered on the basis of the HEXMAX data alone. It is recommended that error analyses are also carried out for other relevant observational data sets and that new measurements with suppressed noise will be taken up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 57 (1989), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Complex chemical reactions ; intrinsic fluctuations ; master equation ; elimination of fast variables ; Ω-expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The master equation for chemical reactions that proceed through a number of steps (complex reactions) is considered. Examples are studied in which the reaction constant of one of the steps is much larger than the others, and a reduced master equation is derived by means of a projection operator formalism. This reduction amounts to an elimination of intermediates. The consistency of the scheme is shown by means of theΩ-expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 57 (1989), S. 157-169 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Complex chemical reactions ; elimination of fast variables ; Brusselator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of complex chemical reactions is considered. Different time scales exist if one or more of the rate constants of the individual reaction steps is much larger than the others. Examples of specific reactions are given in which the intermediates vary on the fast time scale. They can be eliminated according to a standard scheme, the lowest order of which coincides with the steady-state approximation usually employed in textbooks on chemical kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 57 (1989), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Complex chemical reactions ; intrinsic fluctuations ; master equation ; elimination of fast variables ; Ω-expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The master equation for a complex chemical reaction cannot always be reduced to a simpler master equation, even if there are fast and slow individual reaction steps. Nevertheless the elimination of intermediates can be carried out with the help of theΩ-expansion. This is illustrated with a well-known complex reaction: the dissociation of N2O5. It is shown that the intrinsic fluctuations in the N2O5 decay are larger than those implied by the master equation suggested by the macroscopic rate law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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