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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparison of three short forms of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Contemporary Educational Psychology 11 (1986), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0361-476X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Education , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(86)90001-9
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical audit and the implementation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Clinical governance 10 (2005), S. 59-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-7274
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To implement the research-based Ottawa Ankle Rules in a district hospital and audit their impact on the number and appropriateness of X-rays for ankle injuries in A&E. Design/methodology/approach - The method used was retrospective data collection, followed by education and prospective data collection on the management of subsequent ankle injuries. The computer records of the first 150 people presenting to A&E with ankle/foot injuries in one month were reviewed to determine whether the patient underwent an X-ray, and what the results were. Every doctor working in A&E was then educated using a hand-out giving the Ottawa Ankle Rules. The management of 150 people presenting with ankle/foot injuries in the month after this intervention was assessed. Findings - There was a reduction in the number of patients receiving X-rays (83/150 or 55 per cent versus 128/150 or 85 per cent pre-intervention; p〈〈0.001). There was also an increase in the proportion of X-rays showing fractures (17/83 or 20 per cent versus 16/128 or 12.5 per cent; difference not statistically significant). Research limitations/implications - Possible to stimulate good practice with audit. Practical implications - Improvement in practice stimulated by a motivated trainee doctor with appropriate support. Factors contributing to success discussed. Originality/value - Encouraging example of successful audit, of interest to those interested in using clinical audit to improve care.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777270510579314
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon fibre p H-sensitive electrode (1975)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 256 (1975), S. 31-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The potential of a carbon fibre electrode 1 cm long and 7-8 /^m in diameter, sealed into a Pyrex glass tube with epoxy resin, was measured against a saturated calomel reference electrode in various buffer solutions in the pH range 1-13, using a Corning EEL 109 digital pR meter used in its millivolt ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/256031a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centrally programmed patterns of muscle activity in voluntary motor behavior of humans (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle activity ; Voluntary movement ; Isotonic ; Isometric ; Deafferentation ; Central motor programs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rapid voluntary limb movements are accompanied by a triphasic electromyogram (EMG): the agonist muscle discharges briefly to generate the initial limb displacement and then, in sequence, an antagonist and second agonist burst occur. The origins of these bursts of EMG have been attributed to both peripheral and central sources. We attempted to determine in human subjects whether somesthetic afferent inputs related to passive muscle stretch or joint rotation were necessary for the appearance of the three bursts. EMGs were recorded while subjects performed rapid isotonic movements before and after forearm afferent function was blocked by ischemia. EMG patterns were also studied during phasic and sustained isometric contractions of forearm muscles. When the forearm was ischemically deafferented the triphasic EMG pattern persisted though the amplitudes of the three bursts were modified. In separate experiments, a similar three burst pattern was also observed while phasic isometric contractions were performed, but not when rapid-onset sustained isometric contractions were executed. These data support the view that somesthetic afferent information related to muscle length or joint rotation is not necessary for the occurrence of the three burst pattern during rapid motor behaviors. Since bursts of EMG activity were observed when torque rose and fell quickly during fast isotonic movements and phasic isometric contractions, the triphasic pattern appears to be a fundamental property of the central program underlying such rapid motor behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235815
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pregnancy complications in natural family planning users (1997)
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 13 (1997), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A multicenter cohort study was designed to assess pregnancy outcome among natural family planning (NFP) users, and provide the opportunity to address complications in NFP users by planning status and by timing of conception with respect to day of ovulation. There were 877 singleton births in this sample. Complications evaluated were abnormal vaginal bleeding, urinary tract infection, vaginal infection, hypertension of pregnancy, proteinuria, glycosuria, and anemia. There was no significant difference in the mean age, number of prenatal visits or birth weight among optimally and non-optimally timed pregnancies or for planned and unplanned pregnancies. There were higher incidences of "parity 2 or more" and current smokers in the non-optimally timed pregnancies and lower incidences of prior pregnancy loss and "currently employed" in the non-optimally timed pregnancies. There was little difference in pregnancy complications with respect to pregnancy timing, with the exception of a significant increased risk of vaginal bleeding late in pregnancy among non-optimally timed conceptions (11.5%) compared to optimally timed pregnancies (5.2%, RR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.7). More differences were observed in pregnancy complication rates by planning status. Unplanned pregnancies were associated with significantly more late pregnancy bleeding, vaginal infections, proteinuria, glycosuria and medication use than planned pregnancies. Unplanned pregnancies had lower incidences of maternal anemia. Complications of pregnancy were low in this NFP population, irrespective of planned versus unplanned status. Women with planned pregnancies had even fewer complications during pregnancy than women with unplanned conceptions, suggesting that women using NFP to plan their reproduction may be at particularly low risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006560123036
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Session 10 natural family planning (1995)
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 11 (1995), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436093
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive health awareness: an integrated approach to obtaining a high quality of health (1997)
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 13 (1997), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Georgetown University Institute for Reproductive Health has evolved a multi-dimensional approach to reproductive health education which has grown from their work in natural family planning and fertility awareness. This cohesive approach offers help to community, educational, and health organizations in providing knowledge and skills development in body/self-care, gender awareness, sexuality, and interpersonal communications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006532811649
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factor analysis of the immunophenotypes of astrocytomas and malignant gliomas: Correlations with tumor grade and patient survival (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 9 (1990), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: immunophenotypes ; astrocytomas ; malignant gliomas ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Our previous investigations correlated the degree of cytogenetic and immunophenotypic heterogeneity of cultured normal glia, astrocytomas and malignant gliomas. The possible significance was suggested by the statistical correlation of individual antigens with diagnosis and patient survival [1]. The present study has established the patterns of covariation of titers of monoclonal antibody reactivity with a panel of cell surface antigens among normal glia (8), astrocytomas (4), anaplastic astrocytomas (12), mixed malignant gliomas (8) and glioblastomas (21). A mean aggregate titer across 43 antigens was computed for each culture and then subtracted from the observed individual titers. Factor analysis was performed to determine a small number of Factors, derived as the weighted average of the 43 mean-adjusted antigens, which accounted for a significant proportion of the covariation of immunophenotypic expression in the sample of 53 cultures. Clusters of antigens were found to independently segregate in their deviation from the aggregate phenotype. Adjusting for age and diagnosis, Factors 1 and 4 correlated with patient survival among recurrent and primary neoplasms, respectively. Factor 2 additionally discriminated between primary and recurrent gliomas. Factor 3 was associated with age at diagnosis. Factors 1 and 2 correlated with the histopathologic grade of glial tumor. Scatter plots of Factor 1 vs. 2 revealed the minimal immunophenotypic diversity of the normal glia. Astrocytomas were similar but not identical. Progressive divergence was evident between the immunophenotypes of anaplastic astrocytomas, mixed gliomas and glioblastomas. These data suggest that qualitative and quantitative differences in antigenic heterogeneity may identify stages in glial tumor progression. Furthermore, the aggregate immunophenotype may be a useful prognostic indicator, which is independent of established clinical variables such as age at diagnosis and pathologic grade of neoplasm. Factor analysis has been shown to be an efficient means of reducing the dimensionality of the data without sacrificing its informative character.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02341157
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of timing of conception on birth weight and preterm delivery of natural family planning users (1997)
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 13 (1997), S. 215-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Various birth defects and untoward perinatal outcomes have been claimed to be associated with pregnancies conceived by gametes aged in vivo before fertilization. Thus, these outcomes were systematically assessed in pregnancies occurring in natural family planning (NFP) users. Our international multicenter cohort study of NFP pregnancies (n = 877) is by far the largest systematic study designed to assess pregnancy outcome and is of sufficient power to allow us to address the concern of low birth weight (〈 2500 g) and preterm delivery (〈 37 weeks gestation). Study design: In addition to gathering baseline medical data, evaluation was performed at 16 weeks, 32 weeks and at term. Data were collected in a systematic cohort fashion, verified by the five collaborating international recruiting centers, and analyzed by investigators in the US. Most recruiting center principal investigators are obstetrician-gynecologists and, if not, have integral relationships with such specialists. Standard criteria could thus be applied within and among centers. In our cohort, birth weight was recorded accurately at delivery. Almost all of the deliveries occurred in hospitals; thus, data should be quite reliable. Neonatal examination for anomalies was usually conducted immediately after delivery, when birth weight was recorded. Results: Analysis of risk factors for low birth weight and pretern delivery showed that this population had a low risk profile. Low birth weight infants (〈 2500 g) and preterm deliveries were increased among women with a history of either prior low birth weight or preeclampsia in the index pregnancy. However, mean birth weight was unaffected by the timing of conception vis à vis ovulation or pregnancy history. Mean birh weight for the 877 singleton NFP pregnancies was 3349.6 g. The risk of preterm delivery was increased among older women who drank alcohol, but there were no significant effects of timing of conception vis à vis ovulation on preterm delivery. Results held when analysis was stratified according to whether NFP was being used for contraception or to achieve pregnancy. Conclusions: Our data do not appear to show striking differences between 877 NFP pregnancies and the general obstetric population. The timing of conception vis à vis ovulation does not exert significant effects on the birth weight or preterm delivery of resulting pregnancies, a reassuring finding for NFP users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006508106197
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pregnancy outcome associated with natural family planning (NFP): scientific basis and experimental design for an international cohort study (1988)
    Springer
    Advances in contraception 4 (1988), S. 247-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7195
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Bien que le planning familial naturel (PFN-NFP) soit une forme de contraception ne présentant pas de risques manifestes pour la mère (autres qu'une grossesse), il pourrait y avoir des risques potentiels pour le foetus si des gamètes âgés sont par inadvertance fécondés. Nous passons en revue tout d'abord des études effectuées sur des animaux, établissant fermement que le sperme veillissant et les oocytes vieillissants (fécondation retardée) provoquent des anomalies chromosomales chez les mammifères et d'autres espèces. Nous examinons ensuite des études sur des humains, qui associent diminution coitale et trisomie, et des études de populations pratiquant le PFN, qui ne révèlent généralement pas de fréquence accrue d'enfants anormaux ou d'avortements spontanés. Cette communication expose la raison pour laquelle nous avons entrepris une étude sur une cohorte internationale, ainsi que le concept d'expérimentation que nous avons choisi. Les constatations préliminaires indiquent que ce concept fournira véritablement des informations qui permettront d'évaluer de façon définitive la sécurité du PFN.
    Abstract: Resumen Aunque la planificación familiar natural (PFN) es una forma de anticoncepción sin riesgos maternos ostensibles, (fuera del embarzo) podrían existir posibles riesgos fetales di gametos que están envejeciendo son inadvertidamente fertilizados. La primera revisión de estudios en animales establece firmemente que espermatozoides y oocytos en envejecimiento (fertilización tardía), causan anormalidades cromosómicas en mamíferos y otras especies. A continuación revisamos estudios en humanos que asocian la disminución de la frecuencia coital con trisomía, y estudios de poblaciones practicando PFN que generalmente no muestran aumento en la frecuencia de descendientes anormales o de abortos espontáneos. Presentamos nuestras razones para iniciar el estudio de una cohorte internactional ademas del diseño experimental elegido proveerá información alegando que la inocuidad de la PFN sea definitivamente valorada.
    Notes: Abstract Although natural family planning (NFP) is a form of contraception without ostensible maternal risks (other than pregnancy), potential fetal risks could exist if aging gametes are involved in inadvertent fertilization. In the following report, we first review animal studies firmly establishing that aging sperm and aging oocytes (delayed fertilization) cause chromosomal abnormalities in mammals and other species. We next review human studies associating decreased coital frequency with trisomy and studies of NFP populations that generally show no increased frequency of anomalous offspring or spontaneous abortions. Our rationale for initiating an international cohort study is presented, along with the experimental design selected. Preliminary findings indicate that the experimental design chosen will indeed provide information allowing NFP safety to be assessed definitively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01849266
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