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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRESS RELAXATION BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SUCROSE SOLUTIONS (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of texture studies 35 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4603
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stress relaxation behaviour of two frozen sucrose solutions (7% and 19%) during indentation in the temperature range of -20C to -40C were investigated. The stress relaxation is similar to that of pure polycrystalline ice, which is controlled by steady-state creep. The steady state creep rate exponent, m, of 7% and 19% sucrose solutions lies between 2.3 and 3.6. The steady state creep rate constant, B, of 19% sucrose solution is greater than that of 7% sucrose solution. It is suggested that the steady-state creep rate exponent m depends on contributions from the proportions of favourably oriented grains, unfavourably oriented grains and grain boundaries to creep and that these components depend on the value of internal stress which is related to the hardness of samples at the different testing temperatures. The steady-state creep rate constant B depends on the mobility of dislocations in sucrose solutions which, in turn, depends on the temperature and the concentration of sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.2004.tb00820.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN ENGINEERING METHOD TO EVALUATE THE CRISP TEXTURE OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of texture studies 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4603
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Precise measurements of the deformation and fracture behaviour of food can be difficult because of problems associated with the produce, for example, sample preparation, gripping, size and geometry. The aim of this study was to characterise fruits and vegetables in terms of fracture properties using an established engineering test method and geometry, the Single-Edge Notched Bend (SENB). The SENB geometry was found to be readily applicable to crisp food produce such as carrots, celery, and apples, which exhibit linear elastic behaviour up to fracture. Fracture toughness and fracture energies were found to be in the range 10–50 kPa m1/2 and 40–400 Jm−2, respectively. The structure of these materials was confirmed, using confocal microscopy, and related to the observed fracture behaviour. Cell size and intercellular spaces influenced the values of fracture toughness and fracture energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.2000.tb00302.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture toughness of frozen meat
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Meat Science 21 (1987), S. 25-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0309-1740
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(87)90040-4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work of fracture of natural cellulose (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 252 (1974), S. 116-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Air dry timber has normally a macroscopic breaking strain in tension along the grain of about 1.0%, which is not very different from that of the cellulose fibrillae of which it is principally composed. Such a low breaking strain is not obviously compatible with the absorption of so much energy at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/252116a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An EHT re-examination of Acetylcholine (1973)
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 30 (1973), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; electronic structure of ∼
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results of EHT calculations on the most stable conformations of the neurotransmitter molecule acetylcholine (ACh) are reported. These results are compared with those obtained with other semiempirical quantum mechanical methods CNDO/2, INDO and PCILO, and with those obtained by the classical partitioning of the energy method (PEM). From this comparison it becomes evident a wide agreement between the results of PCILO, EHT and PEM, all these methods allowing accessibility to discrete regions in conformational space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00527618
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen orientation by X-ray pole figures and mechanical properties of media carotid wall (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 2557-2562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Many natural collagen containing materials are highly extensible composites and their mechanical behaviour will depend on the amount of collagen fibres present, the mechanical properties of the fibres and their distribution and orientation. A characteristic feature of these materials is that the fibrous collagen network can change orientation during stretching and hence the mechanical response of the tissues is a non-linear function of stress. In order to study the effect of fibre orientation, samples of carotid artery have been prestrained by given amounts in the hydrated state and then allowed to dry. The mean orientation of the fibres has been derived using pole figures obtained from X-ray diffraction measurements and Young's modulus has been calculated in the direction of fibre reorientation and compared with the experimental measurements. The results obtained indicate that X-ray diffraction techniques can be used for the study of the mechanical properties of extensible fibrous materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01113596
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on interface structure and crystal texture of poly(ether-ether-ketone)-carbon fibre composite (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 5915-5920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interface structure of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK)-carbon fibre composite and the crystal texture of PEEK matrix have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the samples were properly etched by argon plasma. We find that most of the PEEK'S crystals are induced by nucleating carbon fibre and then they developed the transcrystalline or spherulite shape, depending on the crystallization conditions. Because the volume fraction of the carbon fibre is 60%, and the space distance between two adjacent carbon fibres is about 10 μm–20 μm, the crystal size of PEEK matrix is mainly controlled by the space distance between adjacent carbon fibres, and the crystallization temperature has little effect on it. The detail of the oriented crystal growth of the PEEK relative to carbon fibre was first observed by SEM. Our results show that the nucleation process of PEEK-carbon fibre composite is as follows: The first lamella is formed orientationally in the carbon fibre surface in the way that thea crystallographic direction is parallel to the radial direction of carbon fibre, theb direction parallel to the tangent line of cross section of carbon fibre, and thec direction parallel to the axis of the carbon fibre. Therefore, the crystals finally formed are oriented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130134
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture in potato tuber parenchyma (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 2779-2796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments have been carried out to assess the fracture behaviour of potato tuber parenchyma tissue from two different varieties (cvs. King Edward and Record) in three different turgor states (turgid, fresh and flaccid). Methods included wedge-penetration fracture tests, razor-blade cutting tests, ball indentation tests and compression tests. Turgor was manipulated by immersion of fresh tissue in osmotica of known concentration, and assessed by means of cell pressure probing. No significant differences in properties were ascribed to the difference in variety. Changes in water status were responsible for appreciable changes in the fracture properties of the tissue. Values of compressive Young's modulus and work of fracture were combined to predict critical crack lengths for different turgor states under given levels of applied stress below the yield stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355984
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The manufacture and mechanical testing of thermosetting natural fibre composites (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract High volume fraction hemp and flax fibre composites were manufactured using low viscosity epoxy and phenolic resins. Using 80% volume fraction of flax fibres in epoxy resin, composites with a mean stiffness of 26 GPa and a mean strength of 378 MPa were produced. By reducing processing damage of the plant fibres mechanical properties could be increased by 40%. Strips of retted fibre tissue were found to be just as effective for reinforcement as fibre bundles and individual fibres. Phenolic resin and decorticated flax fibres produced very poor composites. Using 40% volume fraction of fibres the mean stiffness was 3.7 GPa and the mean strength was 27 MPa. Two fibre pre-treatments were devised to improve adhesion with resins. The first, 6 M urea was used only in natural fibre-epoxy composites where it increased the stiffness but not the strength. The second pre-treatment was a 50% PVA solution, which was cured prior to the addition of space filling resin. The PVA treatment improved the stiffness and strength of both natural fibre-epoxy composites and natural fibre-phenolic composites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004784931875
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biaxial monotonic and fatigue fracture of some commercial ABS and PVC sheets (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 4349-4356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Biaxial loading of pre-cracked cruciform testpieces has been preformed in a novel rig attached to a uniaxial testing machine. Fracture toughness R or δc of the ductile acrylonitride butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) determined by the Cotterell–Mai method is dependent on remote biaxiality. Least toughness is shown for equibiaxial tension; greatest for uniaxial tension. These monotonic fracture results may be modelled using void growth mechanics. Fatigue crack growth rates also depend on remote biaxiality. Paris/Walker representation of the data shows that the slopes n of log (da/dN) versus log ΔK do not change much, but the constant of proportionality C decreases as the tensile mean stress increases. There may be a connection between the biaxial-dependent C and R or δc. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004428730407
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