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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorescence quenching and the microcirculation: An automated, multipoint oxygen tension measuring instrument (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 5075-5084 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new, phosphorescence-based optical instrument for making oxygen tension (PO2) measurements in individual vessels of microvascular preparations is described. Palladium–porphyrin compounds injected into the systemic vasculature are excited by light and the measured phosphorescence emission lifetime used to calculate intravascular PO2. Because this technique is relatively new, we have undertaken a rigorous examination of its usefulness and inherent limitations for microvascular studies. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146133
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant vapors into buildings (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 25 (1991), S. 1445-1452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00020a013
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROCIRCULATION AND HEMORHEOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 43-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We review major experimental and theoretical studies on microcirculation and hemorheology, focusing on mechanics of blood flow and the vascular wall. We discuss flow of the blood formed elements [red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells or leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets] in individual arterioles, capillaries, and venules, and in microvascular networks. We also review mechanical and rheological properties of the formed elements and their interactions with the vascular wall. We discuss short-term and long-term regulation of the microvasculature; the modes of regulation include metabolic, myogenic, and shear-stress-dependent mechanisms as well as vascular adaptation such as angiogenesis and vascular remodeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.042604.133933
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of application-specific critical inputs for the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger vapor intrusion algorithm (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: At sites where soil or ground water contains chemicals of concern, there is the potential for chemical vapors to migrate through the subsurface to nearby basements, buildings, and other enclosed spaces. The 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm and subsequent refinements are often used to assess the significance of this pathway and to establish target cleanup levels. To facilitate its use, the U.S. EPA distributes spreadsheets programmed with the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm. These user-friendly spreadsheets make the equations more accessible; however, the U.S. EPA spreadsheets require a large number of inputs (〉20), and as a result, relationships between model inputs and outputs are not well understood and users are not able to identify and focus on the critical inputs. The U.S. EPA spreadsheets also allow users to inadvertently enter inconsistent and unreasonable sets of input values, and these often lead to unreasonable outputs. The objective of this work, therefore, is to help users develop a better understanding of the relationships between inputs and outputs so that they can identify critical inputs and also to ensure reasonableness of inputs and outputs. The 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm is introduced, and differences between it and its U.S. EPA spreadsheet implementation are identified. Next, results from a parametric analysis of the algorithm are used to create a flowchart-based approach for identifying the application-specific critical inputs. Use of the flowchart-based approach is then illustrated and validated through comparison with the results of a more traditional sensitivity analysis for four scenarios. Recommendations are also given for the reformulation of inputs to minimize misapplication of the algorithm and the spreadsheets, and reasonable ranges for reformulated input values are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0002.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REPLY TO the preceding Discussion by Gary R. Walter of “Modeling of Vapor Extraction and General Transport in the Presence of NAPL Mixtures and Nonideal Conditions” (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 32 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00625.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Vapor Extraction and General Transport in the Presence of NAPL Mixtures and Nonideal Conditions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 31 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The design of vapor-extraction remedial systems and the analysis of their performance can be improved by using models that can simulate the chemical and physical processes affecting the occurrence and movement of multiple-compound vapor-phase chemical mixtures. Previous models fall into two categories: (1) multiple-compound phase distribution models which are either nondimensional (no transport) or one-dimensional (column experiments); and (2) multidimensional, single-compound transport models. In this paper, a model is presented that couples the steady-state vapor flow equation, the advection-diffusion transport equation, and a multiple-compound, multiphase chemical partitioning model. The numerical implementation allows spatially variable fields of permeability, confining layer permeability, and initial contaminant concentrations. Based on the concentrations of each chemical compound, the model calculates whether a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present, and calculates the chemical phase distribution by the appropriate equilibrium partitioning formulation (Henry's Law or Raoult's Law).The user can specify the location and discharge rates of any number of extraction or injection wells, including zero wells, in which case the simulation will solve transport by diffusion only. The remediation, by vapor extraction, of hypothetical fuel hydrocarbon spills was simulated to investigate the error introduced by failing to account for natural (nonideal) conditions. The nonideal conditions include inhomogeneous soil permeability, leakage of atmospheric air into the subsurface (as from a bare ground surface), and irregular contaminant distribution. The model was also run in the pure diffusion mode to simulate the transport of benzene to the ground surface, and to show the limitations of single-compound vapor flux models when a multicompound NAPL (such as gasoline) represents the source of benzene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01846.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Process Control Changes on Aquifer Oxygenation Rates During In Situ Air Sparging in Homogeneous Aquifers (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 16 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In situ air sparging is used to remediate petroleum fuels and chlorinated solvents present as submerged contaminant source /ones and dissolved contaminant plumes, or to provide barriers to dissolved contaminant plume migration. Contaminant removal occurs through a combination of volatilization and aerobic biodegradation: thus, the performance at any given site depends on the contaminant and oxygen mass transfer rates induced by the air injection. It has been hypothesized that these rates are sensitive to changes in process flow conditions and site lithology, but no data is available to identify trends or the magnitude of the changes. In this work, oxygenation rates were measured for a range of air injection rates, ground water flow rates, and pulsing frequencies using a laboratory-scale two-dimensional physical model constructed to simulate a homogeneous hydrogeologic setting. Experiments were conducted with water having low chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. Results suggest the following: that there is an optimum air injection rate: advective How of ground water can be a significant factor when ground water velocities are 〉 0.3 m/d: and pulsing the air injection had little effect on the oxygenation rate relative lo the continuous air injection case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb01180.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Composite Plume Approach for the Analysis of Dissolved Contaminants in Ground Water vs. Distance from Source Areas (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 24 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The analysis of dissolved contaminant transport away from source areas containing nonaqueous phase liquids is an important component in the evaluation of the risk posed to downgradient receptors, of monitoring plan development, and of remedial alternative selection. Typically, individual source-plume systems are evaluated on a site-specific basis; however, much can be learned by looking at the collective data from multiple sites. This has been done with leaking underground storage tank sites in California, Texas, and Florida, where the analyses led to important conclusions concerning dissolved MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) and benzene plume behaviors that could not be drawn from individual site data sets. In these previous works, each site data set was reduced to a plume length and then a statistical analysis of plume lengths was performed. In this paper, the use of multiple-site collective data analyses is also pursued; however, rather than use a single metric plume length analysis, a composite plume data analysis approach is proposed and examined. This alternate approach provides a means for making use of data from ground water plumes that are incompletely defined. In addition, few of the assumptions required by single plume studies for interpolation of data are necessary. The composite plume approach is especially well suited to the analysis of large sites or regions with multiple source areas within similar hydrogeochemical settings. A case study of petroleum hydrocarbon transport at a large former oil field with more than 90 source areas illustrates the application and benefits of this approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01293.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Just When You Thought the Water Was Getting Safe to Drink… (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 24 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00709.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-Based, Quota-Based, or Fund-Based LUST Closures? (Career-Limiting Editorial #1, The Final Episode…) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 23 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00690.x
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