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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 19 (1997), S. 339-356 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: intelligent robots ; instructible robots ; anticipatory systems ; motion planners ; neurofuzzy control ; collision avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A neurofuzzy methodology is presented for motion planning in semi-autonomous mobile robots. The robotic automata considered are devices whose main feature is incremental learning from a human instructor. Fuzzy descriptions are used for the robot to acquire a repertoire of behaviors from an instructor which it may subsequently refine and recall using neural adaptive techniques. The robot is endowed with sensors providing local environmental input and a neurofuzzy internal state processing predictable aspects of its environment. Although it has no prior knowledge of the presence or the position of any obstructing objects, its motion planner allows it to make decisions in an unknown terrain. The methodology is demonstrated through a robot learning to travel from some start point to some target point without colliding with obstacles present in its path. The skills acquired are similar to those possessed by an automobile driver. The methodology has been successfully tested with a simulated robot performing a variety of navigation tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Placenta ; Interplacentomal epithelium ; Calbindin-D9k localisation ; Calcium transport ; Sheep (Clun ; Welsh Mountain) ; Cow (Friesian) ; Goat (Saanen)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In late pregnancy the sheep fetus requires 3 g of calcium per day, all of which must be transported across the trophoblast epithelium of the placenta. Such high levels of calcium transport across other epithelia are normally associated with the presence of calbindin-D9 or -28k. Our immunocytochemical results show that ovine, bovine and caprine interplacentomal trophoblast have high levels of calbindin-D9k, about eight to ten times more than in the placentomal region. The protein is detectable only in the uninucleate trophoblast cells in sheep and goat, the frequent binucleate cells show none. The calbindin-D9k is also present in the maternal glandular epithelium but not the surface epithelium of the uterus. The cellular distribution of the calbindin-D9k immunoreactivity suggests a soluble protein homogenously distributed through cytosol and nucleoplasm but absent from all organelles and intercellular spaces. In contrast, the uterine milk protein(s) are localised in Golgi cisternae and secretory vesicles in gland cells and in apical small endocytic vesicles and lysosomes in the uninucleate trophectodermal cells. The distribution of calbindin-D9k supports the concept that it mediates the high calcium flux by facilitated diffusion and not via any vesicular, membrane-bounded system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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