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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further Studies on the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction in Multiple Sclerosis and Various Arthritides (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 2 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) is impaired in multiple sclerosis and certain arthritides, notably rheumatoid arthritis. The present study shows that this phenomenon is not disease-Specific: cells from patients with multiple sclerosis react poorly also with cells from patients with arthritis. A time study of the reaction excludes the possibility of an initial Strong MLR followed by cell death – a phenomenon sometimes seen in animal experiments. A study of the affect ot patient sera on a two-way MLR between normal individuals shows that a small depressive effect is present with the patient sera, but this is not of the magnitude that it can explain the MLR impairment under study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1973.tb02038.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Statistical Evaluation of the Macrophage Migration Inhibition Assay (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 2 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The statistical treatment of data obtained with the macrophage migration inhibition assay is discussed in different contexts. The limitations of the migration inhibition index (MI) are stressed and illustrated with data from a study of guinea-pigs immunized with basic encephalitogenic protein (BEP). Evidence is presented that MI varies with factors influencing growth in control cultures. Methods for comparison of the efficiency of different antigens in inhibiting macrophage migration are discussed and illustrated by a comparison of BEP and its N-terminal quarter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1973.tb02028.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENETICS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS STUDIED IN THREE RAT STRAINS (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 5 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A genetic analysis has been performed on susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using three strains of rats: one susceptible strain (Lewis) and two nearly resistant strains (Fischer and PVG). The (LEW x F)F1 hybrid is highly susceptible, the (LEW x PVG)F1 hybrid nearly resistant. Backcross analysis demonstrates that susceptibility cannot be solely explained by a gene linked to the AgB complex, especially not in the Lewis-PVG combinations. A hypothesis is presented where susceptibility is regulated by a susceptibility gene linked to the AgB complex and a resistance gene which is not linked to that complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1978.tb00663.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 671-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Perinatal risk factors ; childhood Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; epidemiology ; blood group incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nationwide Swedish Childhood Diabetes Registry, which ascertains 99% of recent-onset Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children (0–14 years) in Sweden, was linked with the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. A matched case-control study was carried out analysing about 20 perinatal variables concerning mother and child. A total of 2757 infants who became diabetic during the period 1978–1988 were analysed. For each case infant three control children were randomly selected from among all infants born in the same year and at the same delivery unit as the case infant. The following statistically significant risk factors were identified for Type 1 diabetes with an onset before 15 years of age: maternal diabetes (OR=3.90), maternal age above 35 (OR=1.36), maternal non-smoking (OR=1.54), pre-ec-lamptic toxaemia (OR=1.19), caesarian section (OR=1.32), and maternal-child blood group incompatibility (OR=1.61). When the analysis was restricted to Type 1 diabetes with an onset before the age of 5 years, most odds ratios were increased — for blood group incompatibility OR=3.86 (95% confidence interval 1.54–9.65). Icterus without blood group incompatibility was not a significant risk factor. When each risk factor was analysed after standardization for all other risk factors, the odds ratios remained significantly increased. Scrutiny of medical records for cases and control children with a diagnosis of blood group incompatibility verified the diagnosis in close to 90% of children. The more severe cases needing phototherapy and/or blood transfusion were found to have a greater risk than milder cases. In conclusion, an early immunological event due to maternal-child blood group incompatibility, known to be associated with neonatal Beta-cell dysfunction, represents an increased risk for Type 1 diabetes in young children. Other stressful perinatal events may also be risk factors for Type 1 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400261
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 503-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Antidepressants ; Pregnancy ; SSRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Methods: Using an ongoing prospective recording of drug use in early pregnancy, 969 women were identified who reported the use of antidepressants: 531 used only SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) drugs (mostly citalopram, 375 exposures), 423 used only other antidepressants, and 15 used both. Outcome was compared with all births in the population. Results: Women using these drugs were older and smoked more than three times as often as other women. There seemed to be an excess of high parity women. The frequency of multiple births was lower than expected, resulting from too few twin births in women who had used SSRI. Gestational duration among singletons was shorter but it did not affect infant survival and was similar after the use of SSRI or non-SSRI antidepressants, perhaps the result of uncompensated for confounding or related to the underlying disease. Infants were somewhat heavier than expected, notably after non-SSRI treatment. No increase was seen in congenital abnormalities, observable in the perinatal period. Conclusions: Based on this database, the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy does not seem to carry any significant risk for the infant that is detectable during the newborn period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050664
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anticonvulsant drugs in monotherapy. Effect on the fetus (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 3 (1987), S. 164-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Anticonvulsants ; Monotherapy ; Malformations ; Fetal growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a material of 577 infants born of epileptic women treated with anticonvulsants in monotherapy during early pregnancy and collected from France, Italy, and Sweden. The incidence of major malformations is increased compared with the general population but no definite difference in risk can be demonstrated between the various anticonvulsants, but valproic acid was associated with a doubling of the average risk. The increased risk for facial clefts and for cardiac malformations, described from most studies on epilepsy during pregnancy, cannot be seen in this material. Unusually many cases of penis abnormalities (micropenis, hypospadias) were noted. An effect on fetal growth can be demonstrated and is apparently more pronounced for carbamazepine than for the other drugs. It results in a reduced birth weight in spite of normal gestational length, reduced body length and head circumference. The possible biological significance of this finding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239754
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An international case-control study on hypospadias the problem with variability and the beauty of diversity (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 8 (1992), S. 256-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Hypospadias ; Case-control study ; Recall bias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes problems and advantages in an international cooperative study of a casecontrol design, aimed at investigating the possible association between exogenous hormones and hypospadias. The varying degrees of the ascertainment of specific exposures and risk factors, in spite of the use of a standardized questionnaire is illustrated. Definite support for the existence of recall or interviewer bias is presented. On the other hand, the multipopulation design offers possibilities to make use of the diversity of the populations: differences in reproductive patterns and in specific exposures such as drug use, smoking and maternal occupation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144810
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anticonvulsant drugs and malformations is there a drug specificity? (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 5 (1989), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Anticonvulsants ; Malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of anticonvulsant drug therapy was studied in 318 malformed infants with known histories of maternal epilepsy. Data on the infants was collected from six birth defect monitoring programs in Europe and South America. Use of specific types of anticonvulsants varies midely among reporting countries. Heterogeneity of drug-malformation distribution, was analyzed to determine whether use of specific drugs were linked to specific malformations. A significant association was seen between maternal use of valproic acid and spina bifida, and a weaker, non-significant one between carbamazepine and spina bifida. Facial clefts were associated with both diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbitone use and also with polytherapy. These differences indicate that the actual drug used is significant for the teratogenic process. The technique may be useful in analyses of other drug-related teratogenic questions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145041
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