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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of cytochrome P450 in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 64-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cytochrome P450 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an inducible enzyme system. Hitherto, its induction was related to semi-anaerobic culture conditions and high glucose concentrations in the growth medium respectively. Since glucose and oxygen are main regulatory effectors in this yeast, the relationship between the occurrence of cytochrome P450 and these two effectors was established in continuous culture. At glucose-derepressed conditions it was not possible to induce the formation of cytochrome P450 by oxygen limitation alone. The oxygen supply had to be decreased to a level where glucose repression also became active. At glucose-repressed conditions cytochrome P450 was obtained in good yield (3 to 5 pmol per mg dry cell weight) below a dissolved oxygen tension of appproximately 15%. There was a correlation between the content of mitochondrial cytochromes and that of cytochrome P450. The presence of mitochondrial cytochromes was reciprocal with cytochrome P450 when its content was increased by lowering the dissolved oxygen tension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499508
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safe biotechnology. Part 6. Safety assessment, in respect of human health, of microorganisms used in biotechnology (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The assessment of microorganisms in respect to human health is an important step for the introduction of new natural and genetically modified production strains to biotechnology. This report outlines the potential hazards posed by industrial microorganisms, important considerations related to pathogenicity, such as routes and portals of entry into the human body, mechanisms of spread of biological material and a definition of pathogenicity. Furthermore the most important steps in the assessment of pathogenicity of unknown strains are described. A short overview on characterization and in vitro and in vivo tests is presented. The hazard related to allergens and toxic metabolites is reviewed and the choice of methods and the handling of strains with unknown potential are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050423
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safe biotechnology. Part 6. Safety assessment, in respect of human health, of microorganisms used in biotechnology (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The assessment of microorganisms in respect to human health is an important step for the introduction of new natural and genetically modified production strains to biotechnology. This report outlines the potential hazards posed by industrial microorganisms, important considerations related to pathogenicity, such as routes and portals of entry into the human body, mechanisms of spread of biological material and a definition of pathogenicity.Furthermore the most important steps in the assessment of pathogenicity of unknown strains are described. A short overview on characterization and in vitro and in vivo tests is presented. The hazard related to allergens and toxic metabolites is reviewed and the choice of methods and the handling of strains with unknown potential are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218438
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safe biotechnology. 7. Classification of microorganisms on the basis of hazard (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 723-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The current systems for classifying human pathogens on the basis of hazard are well developed and their basic criteria are in general agreement one with another. Of more importance, the safety practices based on these classifications have generally been successful. They have enabled extensive research activities, medical practice and industrial production to be conducted on an ever-increasing scale, involving dangerous microorganisms (e.g. in vaccine production and treatment of infected patients) with a very low incidence of adverse effects on the workers involved and the general public. Although the EU has adopted a harmonised list of agents in groups 1–4 there is as yet no complete agreement among member states and individual microbiologists. The purpose of this paper is to present a historical survey and to discuss the current processes for identifying and classifying the hazards posed by the use of microorganisms in research and technology. This is essential in the design of appropriate methods of counteracting potential risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050754
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safe biotechnology. 8. Transport of infectious and biological materials (1997)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 48 (1997), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transport of infectious and biological material is regulated by a number of international organizations. This mini-review has been compiled to increase awareness within the scientific community of problems caused by differences in terminology (such as infectious materials/substances, biological products, diagnostic specimens, genetically modified microorganisms) and certain technical aspects of the main international guidelines, and to assist policy makers in the creation of harmonized guidelines. A list of relevant Internet resources has been compiled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051028
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety analysis of contained low-hazard biotechnology applications (1998)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 49 (1998), S. 649-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A technical safety analysis has been performed on a containment-level-2 pilot plant in order to assess an upgrading of the existing facility, which should comply with good manufacturing practices. The results were obtained by employing the hazard and operability (HAZOP) assessment method and are discussed in the light of the appropriateness of this procedural tool for low-hazard biotechnology applications. The potential release of micro-organisms accounts only for a minor part of the hazardous consequences. However, in certain cases the release of a large or moderate amount of micro-organisms would not be immediately identified. Most of the actions required to avoid these consequences fall into the realm of operational procedures. As a major part of potential failures result from human errors, standard operating procedures play a prominent role when establishing the concept of safety management. The HAZOP assessment method was found to be adequate for the type of process under investigation. The results also may be used for the generation of checklists which, in most cases, are sufficient for routine safety assurance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051227
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemostat studies on the assimilation of hexadecane by the yeastCandida tropicalis (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1981), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The yeastCandida tropicalis was grown in a chemostat with hexadecane as the sole carbon source. The influence of the dilution rate, oxygen and ammonium limitation on s, x, Ys, QO 2, QCO 2, and Qs was investigated. When the extracellular hexadecane concentration exceeded 120 mg l−1 (at dilution rates close to Dc, at pO2 below 2.54 kPa and at ammonium limited growth) Ys decreased and QO 2, QCO 2, and Qs increased. It was concluded that uncoupling of the mitochondrial respiratory chain occurred under these conditions. The QO 2 was determined by two different methods: first in situ, with a gasanalyzer directly connected to the bioreactor to analyze the outcoming gas, and second, with a sample from the bioreactor transferred to a Clark-type oxygen electrode. When cell growth was not oxygen limited in the chemostat (pO2 above 2.54 kPa), no apparent difference between the in situ and the dynamically determined QO 2 was observed. In contrast, when cell growth was oxygen limited in the chemostat, the QO 2 measured in the Clark-type oxygen electrode was remarkably higher than the in situ QO 2. This indicates that the electron transport chains are limited bythe oxidases, when the cells lack oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01008332
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemostat studies on the hexadecane assimilation by the yeastCandida tropicalis (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 12 (1981), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The yeastCandida tropicalis was grown on glucose or hexadecane in batch cultures and on hexadecane in chemostat cultures. The cytochrome content and activities of several enzymes were determined in harvested cells. Cytochrome P-450 was induced and long chain alcohol and aldehyde hydrogenase were derepressed when hexadecane was the sole carbon source instead of glucose. Therefore, these enzymes are functionally related to hexadecane oxidation. A remarkable relationship was observed between the relative content of cytochrome P-450 and Qs in the chemostat and this relationship was more obvious when the cells grew in conditions of oxygen limitation. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase showed no regulation and therefore the primary hydroxylation of hexadecane by cytochrome P-450 is presumed to be the rate limiting step in hexadecane uptake and subsequent oxidation to palmitate. The specific activity of cytochromec oxidase was also remarkably higher when the cells were grown under conditions of oxygen limitation. Limitation of the electron transport chains by the oxidases, in conditions of oxygenlimitation, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01008333
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of carbon energy reserve metabolism ofC. tropicalis growing on glucose and on hydrocarbons (1975)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1 (1975), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glycogen was markedly accumulated inCandida tropicalis growing on glucose with increasing limitation of external substrate supply. The same effect was caused by a N-free medium. The lipid content did not show any significant change in either case. On the hydrocarbon substrate, lipid increased as substrate availability decreased, whereas glycogen accumulation was only slight. However, the increase of lipid content on hydrocarbons did not reach the same level of accumulation as glycogen on glucose. In N-free medium both glycogen and lipids were accumulated, indicating that glycogen is not substituted by lipids as the carbon energy reserve on a hydrocarbon substrate. In addition, a refined shift technique is described. The disturbing influence of excess substrate at the beginning of a shift from glucose to hydrocarbons is avoided by a portioned substrate feeding according to the cell activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00930693
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developments in biotechnology (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 1013-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This issue of EXPERIENTIA on ‘Developments in Biotechnology’ is dedicated to Professor Armin Fiechter who celebrated his 65th birthday in October. He is one of the most eminent promoters of biotechnology in Switzerland and he was instrumental in establishing the Institute for Biotechnology at ETH in 1982 of which he is still director. By pioneering the combination of fundamental and applied aspects he has greatly influenced the advancement of biotechnology in teaching and research in Switzerland. Distinguished scientists from various countries were invited to contribute to this special issue of EXPERIENTIA to review aspects of yeast physiology, process optimization and control, analytics, and applications. We are well aware that the articles presented here are only a narrow selection of the current activities in biotechnology but since Professor Fiechter has devoted most of his scientific career to research on yeast physiology, process development and instrumentation it is appropriate to focus this issue on these aspects. We thank all the authors who have contributed to mark this special event. Professor Fiechter continues to actively stimulate progress in biotechnology with a still lively awareness of future developments. May he continue to persue his objectives and, together with Mrs. Fiechter, enjoy the time to come.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01950150
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