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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 169-171 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 88-101 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Die moderne Tumortherapie ist durch die zunehmende Zahl von Hochdosisprotokollen immer häufiger mit einer lang andauernden Neutropenie und der daraus resultierenden Immunabwehrschwäche verbunden [11, 16, 24]. Die Infektionshäufigkeit liegt bei einer Neutropeniedauer von mehr als 8–10 Tagen bei über 85% [23]. Bei etwa der Hälfte der Patienten kommt es nach empirischer Therapie und initialer Entfieberung im weiteren Verlauf erneut zu einem Temperaturanstieg und damit wiederum zu einem Infektionsverdacht [16, 38, 47]. Dabei sind neben disseminierten Infektionen hauptsächlich Lunge, Nasennebenhöhlen, Darm, Leber, Milz, Gehirn und Nieren betroffen [23, 24].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 870-877 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lunge ; Perfusion ; Ventilation ; Computertomographie (CT) ; Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ; Keywords Lung ; Perfusion ; Ventilation ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Radiological cross-sectional imaging modalities, particularly computed tomography (CT) have become the mainstays for diagnosing lung disease in recent years. These enable morphological visualization of pathological processes with the greatest possible spatial resolution. Modern technical developments and complementary strategies have led to new applications and new functional assessments which need to be reviewed together with state-of-the-art techniques in nuclear imaging. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using spiral CT angiography and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography certainly belongs in this category. CT has become the an alternative modality of first choice, and it is also challenging pulmonary angiography as the gold standard. Direct visualization of patent pulmonary arteries and thromboembolic material is complemented by that of effects on the pulmonary parenchyma and right heart function; it also provides perfusion studies and MR-based flow measurement to assess hemodynamic compromise. Ventilation studies have long been a domain of nuclear imaging, and new techniques for the direct visualization of ventilation are emerging from recent developments in the field of MR imaging, for example, using hyperpolarized inert gases. New functional parameters of ventilation can be derived from these studies. For the diagnosis of metabolically active disease, such as tumor and pneumonia, CT offers very high sensitivity, for example, in screening for intrapulmonary nodules using low-dose CT and in the early detection of pulmonary infiltrates in high-risk patients. Especially for characterizing pulmonary nodules there is a need to combine nuclear medicine techniques, such as in positron-emission tomography.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die radiologischen Schnittbildverfahren, insbesondere die CT, haben sich innerhalb kurzer Zeit einen herausragenden Stellenwert in der Diagnostik von Lungenerkrankungen erworben. Dies umfasst in erster Linie die morphologische Darstellung pathologischer Prozesse mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung. Moderne technische Entwicklungen und kombinierte Untersuchungsstrategien eröffnen neue Einsatzgebiete und auch funktionelle Aussagen, die nach einer aktuellen Standortbestimmung gemeinsam mit den nuklearmedizinischen Verfahren verlangen. Dazu gehört die Diagnostik der Lungenembolie mittels Spiral-CT-Angiographie und MR-Angiographie der Pulmonalarterien. Hier hat sich mittlerweile die CT als alternatives Verfahren der Wahl etabliert und die Rolle der Pulmonalisangiographie als Goldstandard infrage gestellt. Die reine direkte Darstellung der durchströmten Pulmonalarterien und des thromboembolischen Materials wird durch Diagnostik intrapulmonaler und kardialer Veränderungen, Perfusionsuntersuchungen sowie MR-basierte Flussmessungen zur hämodynamischen Beurteilung erweitert. Nachdem Untersuchungen der Ventilation lange Zeit eine Domäne der Nuklearmedizin waren, eröffnen aktuelle Entwicklungen in der MRT neue Verfahren zur direkten Visualisierung der Lungenbelüftung, z. B. mittels polarisierter Edelgase. Aus diesen Verfahren lassen sich auch neue funktionelle Parameter der Ventilation ableiten. In der Diagnostik von Tumoren und Entzündungen überzeugt die CT insbesondere durch ihre hohe Sensitivität, z. B. beim Screening auf intrapulmonale Rundherde mittels Niedrigdosis-CT oder bei der Früherkennung pneumonischer Infiltrate bei Risikopatienten. Insbesondere bei der Charakterisierung intrapulmonaler Rundherde ist eine Kombination mit nuklearmedizinischen Verfahren (PET) grundsätzlich anzustreben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 507-517 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tuberkulose ; Lunge ; Diagnostik ; Übersicht ; Key words Tuberculosis ; Lung ; Diagnostics ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Incidence. Decreasing numbers of tuberculosis cases in the western countries have led to diminished attention towards this disease. But worldwide, tuberculosis still is the leading cause of mortality due to any one single infectious agent. In the industrialized countries, immigration, growth of low-income groups and increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients, mainly due to the HIV epidemic, supply a reservoir for tuberculosis. Diagnosis. Because of the option of a specific therapy, early diagnosis of tuberculosis is crucial for the course of the disease. In cases of multidrug resistant strains, further spread has to be prevented. Radiology with chest films and computed tomography has a central role in diagnosing tuberculosis. Findings. However, as the disease produces a broad spectrum of radiographic findings, there are often difficulties in determining the underlying diagnosis. Additionally, there have been reports of atypical presentations of tuberculosis in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients. This article reviews the current state of radiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Inzidenz. Abnehmende Inzidenzen aktiver Tuberkulose in den Industrieländern haben diese Erkrankung aus dem Bewusstsein vieler verdrängt. Dennoch stellt die Tuberkulose weiterhin weltweit die am häufigsten zum Tode führende Infektionskrankheit dar. In den Industrieländern tragen Faktoren wie Einwanderungsbewegungen, zunehmende Verarmung und die Zunahme immunsupprimierter Patienten, insbesondere durch die HIV-Epidemie, dazu bei, dass ein Reservoir für die Tuberkulose aufrecht erhalten wird. Diagnose. Eine frühzeitige Diagnose ist wegen der spezifischen Therapiemöglichkeiten entscheidend für den Krankheitsverlauf; im Falle von multiresistenten Stämmen ist sie wichtig zur Verhinderung einer weiteren Ausbreitung. Bei der Diagnosefindung kommt der Thoraxübersichtsaufnahme und Computertomographie als radiologischen Verfahren eine zentrale Rolle zu. Befunde. Da die Tuberkulose ein breitgefächertes Spektrum von Befunden aufweist, herrscht oft Unklarheit über die zugrunde liegende Diagnose. Bei immunsupprimierten Patienten, aber auch immunkompetenten Patienten wird von atypischen Präsentationen berichtet. Der vorliegende Übersichtsbeitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem aktuellen Stand der Diagnostik bei der Lungentuberkulose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Onkologe 5 (1999), S. 153-167 
    ISSN: 1433-0415
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Die moderne Tumortherapie ist durch die zunehmende Zahl von Hochdosisprotokollen immer häufiger mit einer lang andauernden Neutropenie und der daraus resultierenden Immunabwehrschäche verbunden [11, 16, 24]. Die Infektionshäufigkeit liegt bei einer Neutropeniedauer von mehr als 8–10 Tagen bei über 85% [23]. Bei etwa der Hälfte der Patienten kommt es nach empirischer Therapie und initialer Entfieberung im weiteren Verlauf erneut zu einem Temperaturanstieg und damit wiederum zu einem Infektionsverdacht [16, 38, 47]. Dabei sind neben disseminierten Infektionen hauptsächlich Lunge, Nasennebenhöhlen, Darm, Leber, Milz, Gehirn und Nieren betroffen [23, 24].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: CT – High-resolution CT – Comparative studies – Lung – Lung function – Ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study was undertaken to determine prevalence, extent, and severity of focal airtrapping at expiratory high-resolution CT, and to compare focal airtrapping with age, gender, pulmonary function tests, and blood gas analysis. Two-hundred seventeen patients with and without pulmonary disease underwent paired inspiratory/expiratory high-resolution CT. Six scan pairs with corresponding scan levels were visually assessed for focal – not diffuse – airtrapping using a four-point scale. Pulmonary function tests and blood gas analysis were available for correlation in all patients (mean interval 5 days). Focal airtrapping with lower lung predominance was observed in 80 % of patients. Twenty-six of 26 patients with restrictive lung function impairment exhibited focal airtrapping (mean score 2.4), whereas only 72 of 98 (74 %) patients with obstruction did (mean score 1.5; p 〈 0.05). Fifty-eight of 70 (83 %) patients with normal lung function (mean score 1.8) and 19 of 23 (83 %) patients with mixed impairment (mean score 1.8) had focal airtrapping. Focal airtrapping showed negative correlations with static lung volumes (–0.27 to –0.37; p 〈 0.001) in all patients and moderate positive correlations with dynamic parameters (0.3–0.4; p 〈 0.001) in patients with obstruction. No significant correlations were found with age, gender, and blood gas analysis. Visual assessment of focal – not diffuse – airtrapping at expiratory high-resolution CT does not correlate with physiological evidence of obstruction as derived from pulmonary function tests since the perception of focal airtrapping requires an adequate expiratory increase in lung density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lung ; CT ; High resolution ; Computers ; Neural network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this study was to implement neural networks and expert rules for the automatic detection of ground glass opacities (GG) on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Different approaches using self-organizing neural nets as well as classifications of lung HRCT with and without the use of explicit textural parameters have been applied in preliminary studies. In the present study a hybrid network of three single nets and an expert rule was applied for the detection of GG on 120 HRCT scans from 20 patients suffering from different lung diseases. Single nets alone were not capable to reliably detect or exclude GG since the false-positive rate was greater than 100 % with regard to the area truly involved, more than 50 pixels throughout, and the true-positive rate was greater than 95 %. The hybrid network correctly classified 91 of 120 scans. Mild GG was false positive in 15 cases with less than 50 pixels, which was judged not clinically relevant. The pitfalls were: partial volume effects of bronchovascular bundles and the chest wall. Motion artefacts and diaphragm were responsible for 11 misclassifications. Hybrid networks represent a promising tool for an automatic pathology-detecting system. They are ready to use as a diagnostic assistant for detection, quantification and follow-up of ground glass opacities, and further applications are underway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 820-827 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Lung ; MR ; Contrast enhancement ; Nuclei other than H ; Hyperpolarized inert gases He-3 and Xe-129
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to review the physical basis of MRI using hyperpolarized noble gases as well as the present status of preclinical and clinical applications. Non-radioactive noble gases with a nuclear spin 1/2 (He-3, Xe-129) can be hyperpolarized by optical pumping. Polarization is transferred from circularly polarized laser light to the noble-gas atoms via alkali-metal vapors (spin exchange) or metastable atoms (metastability exchange). Hyperpolarization results in a non-equilibrium polarization five orders of magnitude higher than the Boltzmann equilibrium compensating for the several 1000 times lower density of noble gases as compared with liquid state hydrogen concentrations in tissue and allows for short imaging times. Hyperpolarization can be stored sufficiently long (3 h to 6 days) to allow for transport and application. Magnetic resonance systems require a broadband radio-frequency system – which is generally available for MR spectroscopy – and dedicated coils. The hyperpolarized gases are administered as inhalative “contrast agents” allowing for imaging of the airways and airspaces. Besides the known anesthetic effect of xenon, no adverse effects are observed in volunteers or patients. Pulse sequences are optimized to effectively use the non-renewable hyperpolarization before it decays or is destroyed, using fast low-flip-angles strategies to allow for dynamic/breath-hold imaging of highly diffusible (He) or soluble (Xe) gases with in vivo T1-times well below 1 min. Since helium is not absorbed in considerable amounts, its application is restricted to the lung. Xe-129 is also under investigation for imaging of white matter disease and functional studies of cerebral perfusion. Magnetic resonance imaging using hyperpolarized gases is emerging as a technical challenge and opportunity for the MR community. Preliminary experience suggests potential for functional imaging of pulmonary ventilation and cerebral perfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Pulmonary hypertension ; Pulmonary embolism ; Radiography ; CT ; Pulmonary arteries ; Stenosis ; Obstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the value of morphometric data on conventional radiography and CT predicting the presence and degree of pulmonary hypertension and to assess the reversibility after surgery. On preoperative X-ray films and CT scans of 50 patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic thromboembolism, we measured the cardiothoracic ratio, basal diameter, length of cardiac contact to sternum, pulmonary trunk, right and left descending pulmonary artery, and the septum angle. These data were correlated with pulmonary arterial pressure. In 14 X-ray patients and 18 CT patients, with follow-up after surgical thromboendarterectomy the reversibility of these changes was assessed. A dilated pulmonary trunk was the most common abnormality (96% each on X-ray and CT). Pulmonary arteries were dilated on X-ray in 40% (right) and 14% (left), and on CT in 92% (right) and 96% (left). The best correlation with mean arterial pressure was found measuring the pulmonary trunk on CT (r = 0.43, p 〈 0.01). After surgery, reversibility was most significant for the pulmonary trunk on CT (p 〈 0.0001). In patients with chronic pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension can best be predicted by assessing the diameter of the pulmonary trunk both on X-ray and CT. No close correlation is present between the extent of any parameter and the level of the pulmonary pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Helical CT ; Dynamic MR imaging ; Kidney ; Inflammation ; AIDS ; Aspergillosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Renal insufficiency or allergic reactions for X-ray contrast agents are frequent limitations in immunocompromised hosts such as neutropenic or AIDS patients. Due to a better tolerance of contrast agents in MRI, this technique is well suited for investigation of parenchymal organs. We demonstrate an allergic AIDS patient who presented with fever and flank pain. At sonography, anechoic renal lesions were supposed to be non-complicated cysts; however, on T2-weighted MRI, the center was of high signal. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the kidneys demonstrated an enhancing rim with ill-defined margins. The lesions were supposed to be multiple bilateral abscesses. Due to the multiple dynamic contrast series, a delayed enhancement of renal parenchyma was detectable adjacent to the lesion. This was suggested as accompanying local pyelonephritis and an infectious etiology became more reliable. Aspergillus fumigatus was identified by CT-guided biopsy as the underlying microorganism. The MR appearance of this manifestation has not been described previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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