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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography A 153 (1978), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 428 (1988), S. 291-300 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 617 (1993), S. 318-323 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Schlüsselworte MTP-Immunoassay ; Drogen im Blut ; GC-MS ; Drogeneinfluß ; Key words MTP Immunoassay ; Drugs ; Blood samples ; GC-MS ; Driving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract By the update of §24 a of the German road traffic act driving under the influence of drugs of abuse can now be fined even in ¶absence of an actual driving impairment. ¶The only requisite is the detection of certain drugs/metabolites in a blood sample. Therefore for pretesting there is a need for fast and reliable immunological screening methods in blood/serum. The new Mahsan microtiterplate enzyme immunoassay (MTP-EIA) is claimed to be sensitive and independent of the matrix. For an evaluation we carried out a comparison of the cannabinoid and opiate assays from Mahsan (MTP-EIA) and the routinely used Abbott fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) with a batch of routine serum samples. For the MTP-EIAs we used the cut-off recommendations of the supplier (cannabinoids 2 ng/mL, opiates 10 ng/mL). For the Abbott FPIAs the serum samples had to be pretreated (deproteinization with acetone) and appropriate cut-offs were defined by our investigations (cannabinoids 20 ng/mL, opiates 30 ng/mL). Out of 136 samples screened for cannabinoids 42% were positive with GC-MS and 18% from 123 samples were positive for opiates. The Abbott cannabinoid FPIA gave false negative results in 23% of GC-MS positive cases and 9% false negatives for opiates while Mahsan MTP-EIA gave no false negatives. Each of the two cannabinoid assays gave false positive results in 13% of the cases and for the MTP opiate assay 2% of the positives could not be confirmed with GC-MS. As a result of our study the cut-off values for the MTP-EIAs have proved to be suitable for a distinction between potential positives and true negatives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Erweiterung des §24 a StVG auf Drogenkonsum bei Kraftfahrern besteht ein zunehmender Bedarf für zuverlässige immunologische Vortests im Blut. Der neue Mahsan Mikrotiterplatten-Enzymimmunoassay (MTP-EIA) soll nach Herstellerangaben matrixunabhängig und empfindlich sein. Es wurde eine Vergleichsstudie der Cannabinoid- und Opiat-Assays von Mahsan und Abbott (Fluoreszenzpolarisationsimmunoassay, FPIA) an Serumproben aus dem Untersuchungsgut durchgeführt. Als Cut-offs wurden für die Mahsan MTP-EIAs die Herstellerangaben übernommen (Cannabinoide 2 ng/¶mL, Opiate 10ng/mL) und für die Abbott FPIAs nach Proteinfällung Werte aus eigenen Voruntersuchungen (Cannabinoide 20 ng/¶mL, Opiate 30 ng/mL). Von 136 auf Cannabinoide untersuchten Proben waren 42% und von 123 auf Opiate untersuchten Proben 18% mit GC-MS positiv. Der Abbott FPIA lieferte falsch negative Ergebnisse (23% bei Cannabinoiden, 9% bei Opiaten, bezogen auf die GC-MS-Positiven), der Mahsan MTP-EIA keine. Falsch positiv waren je 13% der Cannabinoidbefunde beider Immunoassays und 2% der Mahsan Opiatbefunde. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die empfohlenen Cut-Off-Werte für eine qualifizierte Differenzierung zwischen Positiven und Negativen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 456-462 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Plasma catecholamines ; Norepinephrine ; Epinephrine ; Organophosphate poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In connection with the “endogenous acetylcholine-poisoning” due to organophosphorous compounds beside the clinical important muscarinic and nicotinic symptoms an activation of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenal medulla, sympathetic ganglia) is expected. Therefore a kinetic profile of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the plasma of two patients with severe parathionpoisonings was taken up through the whole period of the intensive-medical treatment. The method used was HPLC with electrochemical detection. The parathion-concentration of the same plasma samples were measured, too. The result were individual different courses with periodically appearing, markedly increased plasma catecholamine values. A direct correlation of catecholamines with the parathion-concentration was not recognizable. A possible influence of the atropine-treatment as well as of stress-factors is discussed but estimated as not responsible for the observed peaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Plasma catecholamines ; Urinary catecholamines ; Norepinephrine ; Epinephrine ; Parathion poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the intensive medical treatment of a finally fatal parathion poisoning (survival time 7 days) with shock symptoms (lung and kidney) the kinetic profiles of both plasma and urinary catecholamines were taken up. In addition the parathion concentrations of the same plasma samples were measured. There could been found plasma catecholamine profiles exhibiting peak concentrations in the initial phase, followed by a period of 4 days without any detectable plasma epinephrine and finally an extreme elevation of both catecholamines in the last period before death. The excretion patterns confirmed the plasma results. Imaginable pathophysiological mechanisms in consideration of the shock induced renal insufficiency are discussed. The question is raised wether the kinetics of plasma catecholamines may be a possible marker for the prognosis of organophosphate poisoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 108 (1996), S. 294-299 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: GC-MS analysis ; Drugs in hair ; Simultaneous detection ; TCH ; Cocaine ; Heroin ; 6-MAM ; Morphine ; Methanol sonication extraction ; Consumption behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Hair samples taken from 850 individuals with presumed drug abuse were tested simultaneously forΔ9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine, heroin, the primary heroin metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and morphine. The drugs were extracted with methanol under sonication. Compared to other extraction procedures this solvent extraction technique provides high extraction yields and less experimental effort. The analyses were carried out using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. This procedure allows the simultaneous detection of amphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxymetbamphetamine (MDMA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE). THC was found in 104 (12.2%), cocaine in 230 (27%) and 6-MAM in 141 (16.6%) samples. In addition to 6-MAM, morphine was detected in 87 (10.2%) and heroin in 38 samples (4.5%). The concentrations found were in a range 0.009-16.7 ng/mg for THC, 0.037-129.68 ng/mg for cocaine, 0.028-79.82 ng/mg for 6-MAM, 0.045-53.14 ng/mg for heroin and 0.011-7.800 ng/mg for morphine. The statistical distribution of the drug concentrations compared with the self-reported consumption behaviour of the users may possibly lead to a better understanding of the relationship between drug dosage and corresponding concentrations in hair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 45 (1980), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Guaifensine metabolism ; Gas chromatography mass spectrometry ; O-Desmethylguaifenesine ; Hydroxyguaifenesine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kürzlich berichteten die Autoren über toxikologische Untersuchungen nach Aufnahme Guaifenesin-haltiger Arzneimittel. Dabei waren bei der Dünnschichtchromatographie von hydrolysierten Urinproben nach Detektion mit Marquis-Reagenz zwei intensiv violette Flecken aufgefallen. Es wird über den Gang der Identifizierung vonO-Desmethylguaifenesin undHydroxyguaifenesin mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie berichtet. Über den Metabolismus von Guaifenesin beim Menschen wurde bisher nur die Oxidation zuβ-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)milchsäure mitgeteilt. Die Demethylierung von Guaifenesin wird durch die in den Lebermikrosomen enthaltene O-Demethylase durchgeführt und diese scheint Hauptmetabolisierungsenzym für Guaifenesin zu sein. Es wird auf eine pharmakologisch interessante Strukturbeziehung zwischen Guaifenesin und Codein hingewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract Recently the authors reported about toxicological investigations after uptake of guaiacol glyceryl ether containing drugs. There had been detected two intensive pink spots on the TLC from urine samples after detection with Marquisreagent. It is reported about the identification ofCatechol glyceryl ether andHydroxyguaifenesine via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Until today only the oxidation of guaiacol glyceryl ether toβ-(2-methoxyphenoxy)lactic acid is described. The demethylation of G. is performed by O-Demethylase localized in liver microsomes. This enzyme seems to be the main enzyme for the metabolism of G. It is pointed out to a pharmacologically interesting relationship between the chemical structure of guaiacol glyceryl ether and codeine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 10 (2000), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Amphetamin ; Erschöpfungsreaktion ; Fahrtüchtigkeit ; Keywords Amphetamine ; State of exhaustion ; Ability to drive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: In order to assess a drug-related inability to drive, the after-effects of drug use also have to be considered. An evaluation of 37 cases of driving under the influence of amphetamine or amphetamine-derivatives from 1995 to 1998 served as basis for examining the state of exhaustion after the acute drug effects had finished. Deficiencies in the physical and psychological performance noted by the police and/or the medical examiner were analysed, assigned to a state of exhaustion or stimulation and then compared to the results of the drug analysis. Low amphetamine or amphetamine derivative concentrations in blood were found to be related to symptoms of exhaustion. Drivers suffering from exhaustion also tended to drive less safely.
    Notes: Bei der Begutachtung einer drogenbedingten Fahruntüchtigkeit sind auch rauschmittelbedingte Folgeerscheinungen zu beachten. Anhand von 37 Fällen des Fahrens unter dem Einfluß von Amphetamin bzw. Amphetamin-Derivaten aus den Jahren 1995–1998 wurde die Erschöpfungsreaktion nach Wirkende untersucht. Hierzu wurden die von Polizei und/oder untersuchendem Arzt festgestellten Auffälligkeiten im Leistungsbild ausgewertet und einer Erschöpfungsreaktion bzw. einer Stimulationsphase zugeordnet und schließlich mit den Analysebefunden verglichen. Es zeigt sich, daß bei niedrigem Amphetamin- bzw. Amphetamin-Derivat-Blutspiegel Symptome einer Erschöpfungsreaktion im Leistungsbild beschrieben wurden. Auch zeigten die Fahrzeuglenker in der Erschöpfungsreaktion tendenziell häufiger Fahrunsicherheiten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Hypothermia death ; Acetone ; Ketone analysis ; Urine ; Schlüsselwörter Tod durch Unterkühlung ; Aceton ; Keton-Schnelltest ; Urin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Keto-Diabur Test 5000 (Boehringer Mannheim) ist ein Schnelltest zur Bestimmung von Glucose- und Ketonkörpern im Urin. Mit diesem routinemäßig durchgeführten Test wurden bei der Obduktion von drei eindeutig infolge Erfrierens bzw. Unterkühlung verstorbener Personen stark positive Resultate für Ketone erhalten, ohne daß gleichzeitig die Glucose im Harn erhöht war. Mittels Headspace-Gaschromatographie konnten in allen drei Urinproben überhöhte Aceton-Konzentrationen von 140, 1004 und 2703 mg/L festgestellt werden. Ein stark positiver Keto-Diabur-Test 5000 bei normalem Glucose-Befund im Urin kann somit als diagnostische Hilfe zur Erkennung eines Todes infolge Unterkühlung dienen.
    Notes: Abstract The Keto-Diabur-Test 5000 (Boehringer Mannheim) is an assay for glucose and ketones in urine samples. Positive test results for ketones were obtained during the autopsy of three corpses who probably died following hypothermia, whereas the glucose levels in the urine samples were normal. In all of the three urine samples extremely high acetone concentrations of 140, 1004 and 2703 mg/L were detected by headspace gas chromatography. A positive test for ketones using the Keto-Diabur-Test 5000 despite of normal glucose levels in urine can support the diagnosis of death due to hyperthermia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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