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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ig-Isotype Patterns of Primary and Secondary B Cell Responses to Plasmodium Chabaudi Chabaudi Correlate with IFN-γ and IL-4 Cytokine Production and with CD45RB Expression by CD4+ Spleen Cells (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this work, the authors analysed T and B lymphocyte subsets and cytokine production in the spleen of BALB/c mice during polyclonal lymphocyte activation (primary infection) and parasite-specific response to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (secondary infection). The secondary response was evaluated in fully immunoprotected animals, 60 days after a chloroquine-cured infection. The authors observed that in polyclonal lymphocyte activation antibody-secreting cells of all isotypes increased, with predominance of IgG2a and IgG3 classes. At that time, IFN-γ was largely produced, but IL-4/IL-5 were just slightly enhanced. In mice re-infected after 60 days, the Ig-isotype pattern was restricted to IgG1 and only IL–4/IL-5 were produced. In both responses, however, the levels of IL-2 were greatly reduced, while those of IL-10 were enhanced to similar levels. The different involvement of Th1 and Th2 cells in both responses was confirmed through analysis of CD45RB expression by CD4+ cells. The authors observed that CD45RBhigh cells were the major CD4+ subpopulation in primary infected mice, while CD45RBlow cells predominated in 60 days re-infected animals. Moreover, the great majority of activated (large) CD4+ cells in the primary infection belonged to the CD45RBhigh subset, while after re-infection most of the CD4+ large had a CD45RBlow phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-35.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Virulence Factor, BfpA, by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is Essential for Apoptosis Signalling but not for NF-κB Activation in Host Cells (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 61 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Localized adherence (LA) of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to epithelial cells results in attaching and effacing of the surface of these cells. LA depends on the gene bfpA, which codes for the BfpA protein. We found that EPEC-E. coli adherence factor (EAF)(+), expressing BfpA, significantly reduced HeLa cell viability in comparison with EPEC-EAF(–), as evaluated by the mitochondrial-dependent succinate dehydrogenase conversion of 3′-[4,5,-dimethylthiazol-2yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to its formazan. Apoptosis accounts for a substantial loss of the cell viability, because the cells incubated with EPEC-EAF(+) or with cloned BfpA (data not shown), but not with EPEC-EAF(–), were positive for annexin-V binding, demonstrated chromatin condensation and nuclei fragmentation and exhibited a high level of caspase-3 activity. Because the blockade of bacterial cell-surface-associated BfpA by anti-BfpA immunoglobulin (Ig)Y antibody suppressed apoptotic death induced by EPEC-EAF(+), BfpA may be the trigger for apoptosis. Both EPEC-EAF(+) and EPEC-EAF(–), as well as recombinant BfpA (data not shown), activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB in a similar manner as analysed by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). EMSA supershift analysis demonstrated the presence of p65/RelA in a DNA-binding complex. In contrast to DNA binding, NF-κB-dependent reporter gene transactivation was stimulated more strongly by EPEC B171/EAF(+), suggesting a role for this virulence factor in the regulation of transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Because suppression of NF-κB activation by BAY11-7085, a NF-κB inhibitor, neither induced apoptosis by itself nor blocked apoptosis induction by EPEC-EAF(+), it may be suggested that apoptosis is not regulated by the NF-κB pathway in HeLa cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01626.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preservation and storage of green panic (Panicum maximum) as moist hay with urea
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Feed Science and Technology 20 (1988), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-8401
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(88)90033-8
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ensiling forage sorghum at two stages of maturity with the addition of lactic acid bacterial inoculants
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Feed Science and Technology 43 (1993), S. 165-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-8401
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90076-V
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of Trypomastigote Forms of Trypanosoma cruzi into Activators of Alternative Complement Pathway by Immune IgG Fragments (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 22 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this report we examined the capacity of immune IgG fragments to prepare trypomastigote bloodstream forms (TBF) of Trypanosoma cruzi for lysis. F(ab′)2, fragments were capable of presensitizingTBF For complement (C) lysis, thus excluding the participation of Fc domains in the C activation process. An intact hinge region of the IgG molecule was not involved either, since the corresponding Fab' were almost as active as the original molecules in preparing TBF for lysis. Fab also retained such activity even after further reduction and alkylation. These findings indicate that neither the portions of heavy chains that make up the hinge region nor the intrachain disulphide bonds are involved in the process. The IgG fragments promoted lysis through the activation of the alternative C pathway (ACP). These results suggest that the immune IgG transforms TBF into ACP activators by blocking the capacity of some parasite cell surface components that are known inhibitors of C activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01874.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drought stress and alfalfa production in a mediterranean environment (1989)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 10 (1989), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plots with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were exposed to water deficit during two consecutive summers. Drought stress treatments which lasted between 2 and 8 months during the first growing season had no carry-over effect on growth during the following winter and early spring of the subsequent year, compared with that observed in the fully irrigated plots. It was found that the capability of roots to extract water, and the rate of recovery from water stress after rewetting in autumn was independent of the duration of the drought. Water extraction varied curvilinearly with soil depth regardless of soil water content. Good agreement was found between an exponential model which was fitted to water extraction data in our experiment and data of root mass distribution taken from experiments conducted in the United States. This gives reasonable confidence in the prediction of the use of soil water reserves by plants under stress. A balance between saving of irrigation water and the expected loss of yield was determined. It is suggested that when water resources are limited in summer, irrigation of an established stand of alfalfa can be adjusted to water availability, without a decrease in water use efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265688
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in intact kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) leaves: Effect of temperature (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 174 (1988), S. 152-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Actinidia ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Light and photoinhibition ; Photoinhibition of photosynthesis ; Temperature and photoinhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was induced in attached leaves of kiwifruit grown in natural light not exceeding a photon flux density (PFD) of 300 μmol·m-2·s-1, by exposing them to a PFD of 1500 μmol·m-2·s-1. The temperature was held constant, between 5 and 35° C, during the exposure to high light. The kinetics of photoinhibition were measured by chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K and the photon yield of photosynthetic O2 evolution. Photoinhibition occurred at all temperatures but was greatest at low temperatures. Photoinhibition followed pseudo first-order kinetics, as determined by the variable fluorescence (F v) and photon yield, with the long-term steady-state of photoinhibition strongly dependent on temperature wheareas the observed rate constant was only weakly temperature-dependent. Temperature had little effect on the decrease in the maximum fluorescence (F m) but the increase in the instantaneous fluorescence (F o) was significantly affected by low temperatures in particular. These changes in fluorescence indicate that kiwifruit leaves have some capacity to dissipate excessive excitation energy by increasing the rate constant for non-radiative (thermal) energy dissipation although temperature apparently had little effect on this. Direct photoinhibitory damage to the photosystem II reaction centres was evident by the increases in F o and extreme, irreversible damage occurred at the lower temperatures. This indicates that kiwifruit leaves were most susceptible to photoinhibition at low temperatures because direct damage to the reaction centres was greatest at these temperatures. The results also imply that mechanisms to dissipate excess energy were inadequate to afford any protection from photoinhibition over a wide temperature range in these shade-grown leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394766
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of salinity, N-nutrition and humidity on photosynthesis and protein metabolism ofChloris gayana Kunth (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloris ; Humidity ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Photosynthesis ; Rhodes grass ; Salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under high atmospheric humidity, Rhodes grass plants responded favourably to an increase in nitrate fertilization. Under low atmospheric humidity an optimum point was reached at lower N-treatment. Plants' growth was improved by a salinity treatment of up to 100 mM, at high atmospheric humidity. A higher salt concentration cancelled the favourable effect of added nitrate. The rise in yield which follows salt or nitrate treatments is apparently combined with an increase in activity of the key photosynthetic enzymes, Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase. A similar rise in activity is seen in nitrate reductase, a key enzyme in nitrogen metabolism. Evidently, all three enzymatic systems are not damaged in high salt treatments, and the potential photosynthetic capacity remained practically uneffected in all treatments. As no correlation could be found between transpiration and growth curves, it is assumed that the supply of CO2 is also unhampered. Thus, the major negative effect of salinity, seems to be on protein synthesis, which eventually leads to disturbed growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140719
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