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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coping-related Expectancies and Dispositions as Prospective Predictors of Coping Responses and Symptoms (2000)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Journal of personality 68 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: We used Rotter’s (1954, 1982) social learning theory and Kirsch’s (1985, 1999) response expectancy extension thereof to clarify distinctions between coping-related expectancies (beliefs about the outcomes of coping efforts) and coping dispositions (tendencies to use particular coping responses), specifically focusing on the role of generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation (NMR) as a predictor of individual differences in coping and well-being. Two studies using structural equation modeling provided support for direct and indirect associations between NMR expectancies and symptoms of depression. In Study 1 NMR expectancies predicted situational avoidance coping responses and symptoms of depression and anxiety, independent of dispositional avoidance coping tendencies. In Study 2, NMR expectancies were associated with depressive symptoms, concurrently and prospectively, independent of dispositional optimism and pessimism. Both studies indicated that NMR expectancies are more strongly associated with depressive symptoms than with symptoms of anxiety and physical illness. Results underscore the importance of distinguishing between expectancies and other personality variables related to coping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00115
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do double-blind studies with informed consent yield externally valid results? (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caffeine ; Placebo ; Expectancy ; Double-blind design ; Informed consent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subjective and physiological effects of caffeine were investigated via a 3×2×3 design that assessed independent and interactive effects of instructions (told caffeine versus told no caffeine versus not told whether beverage contained caffeine), actual beverage content (caffeine versus no caffeine), and time after ingestion (15, 30, and 45 min). Instructions affected altertness at 15 min after ingestion. Caffeine increased alertness at 30 min after ingestion and systolic blood pressure at 30 min and 45 min after ingestion. A highly significant instruction by drug interaction on tension was obtained at all measurement points, indicating an increase in tension only among subjects who knowingly received caffeine. Because people are generally informed of drug content in non-research settings, these data challenge the external validity of typical double-blind studies, in which subjects are informed of the possibility of receiving a placebo as part of the consent procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244650
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative effects of tangible self-reinforcement (1979)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 3 (1979), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01172718
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Microanalytic” analyses of efficacy expectations as predictors of performance (1980)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 4 (1980), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01173658
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of norms and self-reward on goal setting and subsequent behavior (1981)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 5 (1981), S. 217-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01172530
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The placebo effect and the cognitive-behavioral revolution (1978)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 2 (1978), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Definitions of the term placebo are considered in relation to the new cognitive-behavioral trend in psychotherapy and recent research on the differential effects of various placebo procedures. Existing definitions either lead to the inclusion of procedures that are not generally regarded as placebos (e.g., systematic desensitization and rational emotive therapy) or result in an empty set. Thus the placebo construct, while valid in drug research, may not be meaningful in relation to psychotherapy outcome studies. Control conditions should be designed for more specific purposes than controlling for the placebo effect. In addition, research directed toward specifying the laws governing the effectiveness of manipulations termed placebos is strongly urged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01185787
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concordance rates between self-efficacy and approach behavior are redundant (1983)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 7 (1983), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Pre- and posttreatment data from a treatment study utilizing Bandura's 18-item behavioral approach test (BAT)for fear of snakes were analyzed to assess the scalability of behavior and self-efficacy scores. Coefficients of reproducibility ranged from .97 to .99, indicating that measures of behavior and self-efficiacy on this BAT constitute valid Guttman scales. Bandura's (1980)method of calculating expected concordance rates is not valid for Guttman scales because all possible patterns of response produce observed concordance rates that are equal to or greater than expected rates it generates. The concordance rate between the items on Guttman scales are completely determined by the total score on each scale. Therefore, “microanalyses” of concordance rates between efficacy and behavior on BATs are redundant. Researchers using other dependent variable measures should determine the coefficients of reproducibility of their scales prior to reporting item-by-item concordance rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190071
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cognitive content of anxiety: Naturalistic evidence for the predominance of threat-related thoughts (1984)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 8 (1984), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Beck's (1976) hypothesis that the experience of anxiety is preceded by thoughts with a content of personal threat or danger was evaluated in a study that controlled for effects due to experimenter expectancy. Seventy introductory psychology students were exposed to one of three types of expectancy “training”: One group was trained to expect threat-related thoughts prior to experiencing anxiety, another group was trained to expect loss-related thoughts, and the final group received a neutral training. Subjects were then asked to record their thoughts preceding anxiety experiences in a free-response journal format. Each response was categorized as either a thought of threat, thought of loss, or other thought, and the number of thoughts falling into each category was the dependent variable. Threat was found to be the predominant cognitive content across groups (p 〈 .001), while training had a small but significant (p 〈 .05)effect on subjects' responses. These results are seen as offering qualified support to Beck's proposed threat-anxiety connection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315097
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The generality of negative self-reinforcement effects: Implications for the use of extrinsic rewards (1984)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 8 (1984), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The immediate and delayed effects of extrinsic self-reinforcement on task performance were investigated in a study that more closely resembled practical applications of extrinsic self-reinforcement than did previous studies. Twenty highly motivated undergraduates who had volunteered for a “GRE math review program” were given 80 problems to solve under no time limit. Half of the subjects reinforced themselves monetarily for each problem completed. Subjects in the self-reinforcement group stopped working problems shortly after earning the maximum available reinforcement. As a result, they stayed less time and solved fewer problems than control subjects. Subjects in the self-reinforcement condition were also instructed in the use of self-reinforcement during home study. Negative effects of tangible self-reinforcement were also observed at the completion of the review program. Implications for the design of self-help behavioral treatment programs were discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315099
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cognitive correlates of anger, anxiety, and sadness (1988)
    Springer
    Cognitive therapy and research 12 (1988), S. 367-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2819
    Keywords: cognition ; emotion ; anger ; anxiety ; sadness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract In a test of Beck's (1976) cognitive theory of emotion, 72 undergraduate subjects were presented with a cognitive rationale of emotion, then recorded their thoughts and emotions whenever they felt angry, anxious, or sad over a 3-day period. After each day, structured interview data were collected and subjects were asked to rate their thoughts and feelings. The interview data were then scored for thought content. Analyses of subjects' and judges' assessments strongly supported Beck's hypothesis that anger is associated with thoughts of transgression, anxiety with thoughts of threat, and sadness with thoughts of loss. Analyses of subjects' assessments of their own thoughts and feelings indicated that each type of thought (transgression, threat, and loss) tended to occur in combination with the others and that anger was associated with simultaneous reports of anxiety and sadness. Multiple regression analyses revealed that although anxiety was uniquely predicted only by thoughts of threat, anger was associated with thoughts of loss as well as thoughts of transgression, and sadness was associated with thoughts of threat as well as thoughts of loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01173304
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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