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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Affecting Composition Evaluation in an EFL Context: Cultural Rhetorical Pattern and Readers’Background (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Language learning 46 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9922
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Psychology
    Notes: We investigated how 465 readers with different backgrounds (differing L1, academic status, and amounts of writing instruction) evaluated 16 versions of Japanese university English as a foreign language (EFL) students’English compositions containing different culturally influenced rhetorical patterns (Japanese vs. American English) as well as two other features (coherence breaks and language use errors). Among other factors, including coherence and language use, culturally influenced rhetorical patterns affected assessment of EFL student writing on an analysis of effects topic. Overall, Japanese students who had not received English writing instruction preferred the Japanese rhetorical pattern, native English teachers favored the American rhetorical pattern, and Japanese students who had received English writing instruction and Japanese teachers valued features of both patterns. There were no significant differences between the two teacher groups in the overall assessment of the two rhetorical patterns, but Japanese English teachers, similar to Japanese students, gave significantly higher scores than native English teachers to the Japanese introduction. On a comparison/contrast topic, other discourse features, particularly paragraph level coherence problems, appeared to override rhetorical pattern in terms of influence on writing quality scores. The results suggest that a flexible approach to permissible rhetorical patterns and a greater emphasis on coherence may prove beneficial for EFL writing instruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1996.tb01242.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of First Language on Second Language Writing: Translation versus Direct Composition (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Language learning 42 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9922
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Psychology
    Notes: This study of English compositions written by 48 Japanese university students examined: (1) differences between the texts resulting from two writing processes, one writing first in Japanese and then translating into English and the other composing directly in English and (2) the relationship between these two writing processes and students’ language proficiency. In terms of quality of content, organization, and style, lower-level writers tended to benefit from translation, whereas higher-level writers did not benefit much. Overall, syntactic complexity was greater in translations than in direct writings. In terms of error frequency, higher-level students tended to make more errors that interfered with intended meaning in translation than in direct writing, but lower-level students did not show any difference. Regarding the correlation between language proficiency and the quality of the writing resulting from the two composing processes, oral skills related more closely to writing quality than did grammar knowledge, particularly for direct writing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb00707.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of liquid mycelial culture used as a spawn on sawdust cultivation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: breeding ; early fruiting ; Lentinula edodes ; liquid spawn ; shiitake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mycelium of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) was cultured continuously in liquid medium. The liquid culture was carried out for the production of liquid spawn in the cultivation of this mushroom on synthetic sawdust substrate, and its performance was compared with that of the solid spawn. The initial colonization in culture bags was faster with the solid spawn than with the liquid spawn, but after this stage CO2 production was higher with the liquid spawn than with the solid spawn. For harvesting sufficient amount of good quality mushrooms, 120 d of incubation in bags was needed with the solid spawn, but this was reduced to 90 d for the sawdust blocks using liquid spawn of less than 50 d old. If continuous culture of the liquid spawn was prolonged over 50 d, immature fruit-bodies or their initials formed during the period of bag incubation. The solid subcultures of the liquid spawns retained the fruiting characteristics acquired in the liquid culture. Liquid culture could be a useful tool for breeding of mushrooms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461345
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifoam fouling and its reduction by surfactant precoat treatment of polysulphone ultrafilter (1994)
    Springer
    Biotechnology techniques 8 (1994), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6784
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Precoat treatment of polysulphone membranes with non-ionic surfactant BRIJ 58 was effective in decreasing antifoam fouling in ultrafiltration of five model process streams such as fermentation media, broth and yeast suspension. The mean flux increase of about 90 % was achieved by the surfactant pretreatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155419
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surfactant pretreatment of a polysulfone ultrafilter for reduction of antifoam fouling (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: membrane separation ; pretreatment ; nonionic surfactant ; antifoam fouling ; flux enhancement ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effectiveness of surfactant precoat treatment of the polysulfone ultrafilter was first investigated for reduction of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of antifoam. Fifteen different surfactants, including alcohols and synthetic nonionic surfactants, were tested. In general, pretreatment with nonionic surfactant gave a larger flux than that with alcohol did. The flux increase by pretreatment with nonionic surfactant depended on a hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) value and type of hydrophobic tail. The most effective surfactant for reducing antifoam fouling among the 15 surfactants was Brij-58 which has an HLB value of 16 and a straight alkyl hydrophobic chain. The ultrafiltration flux of the membrane treated with Brij-58 was almost three times larger than that of untreated membrane. The precoat treatment with Brij-58 was the most effective for reducing antifoam fouling in terms of rejection properties.Furthermore, flux was also improved by the surfactant pretreatment in ultrafiltration of model process streams, such as fermentation media, broth, and yeast suspension with or without antifoam. The surfactant Brij-58 was found to be more effective for reducing membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of model stream YG compared with ethanol or Brij-35. The mean flux increase by the pretreatment with Brij-58 was about 80% in ultrafiltration of the model stream without antifoam. When antifoam was added to the model stream, flux was almost doubled by the pretreatment with Brij-58. The effectiveness of surfactant precoat treatment for reducing membrane fouling was also confirmed in terms of rejection properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260430406
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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