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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cardiac ontogeny ; Bilateral primordia ; Fusion ; Yolk-sac ; Tupaia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the heart of Tupaia belangeri from the first endothelial-lined lumina to the cardiac loop is described in 20 embryos with 2 to 14 somites, from ontogenetic days 11 and 12. Bilateral endocardial tubes transporting blood are found in the 8-somite embryo; in the middle cardiac plate, angioblasts and angiocysts are located between them. In the 9-somite embryo, formation of the cardiac loop has started, the endocardial tubes approach each other closely, most of the angiocysts have been incorporated by the expanding endocardial tubes, and fusion of the endocardial lumina has started in the cono-truncal area. Apparently, much of the endocardial cardiac loop found in the 9-somite embryo has been produced by the disproportionate lengthening of a segment of the endocardial tubes, which is very short in the 8-somite embryo. In the 13-somite embryo the endocardial tubes have largely fused, but tube-like strands of endothelia, remnants of the original endothelial walls separating them, form a “palisade” and mark the original boundary between them. Myoepicardial differentiations of the splanchnopleure begin separately on both sides of the embryo and gradually spread craniad until they coalesce in the midline, in front of the anterior intestinal portal. The caudal portions of the endocardial tubes with initial myoepicardial and cardiac jelly differentiations do not contribute to the definitive heart. The anterior intestinal portal is very broad in Tupaia. Contradictions in the literature as to the bilaterality of cardiac primordia of eutherian mammals are discussed. The hypothesis is developed that bilateral endocardial tubes and bilateral myoepicardial differentiations of the splanchnopleure develop in species with a large yolk-sac, relatively late closure of the foregut, and a broad anterior intestinal portal (e.g., Tupaia, ferret, and cat, etc.). This is probably the primitive condition in eutherian mammals. In species with a small yolk-sac and/or reversal of germ layers (man, rodents), the foregut and anterior intestinal portal are formed earlier, the heart primordium reaches its median position ventral to the foregut in the angiocyst-stage, and the first endocardial lumina appear close to the midline. In these species, the primordium of the endocardium seems to be plexiform and without clear evidence for bilaterality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 142 (1973), S. 315-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Implantation ; Placentation ; Chronology of embryogenesis ; Tupaia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zehn Entwicklungsstadien von Tupaia belangeri werden beschrieben. Am 6. Tag post conceptionem finden sich freie bilaminäre Blastocysten im Uteruslumen. Die Implantation erfolgt am 7. Tag p. c. in einer antimesometrialen Implantationskammer, also excentrisch und nicht zentral wie bisher angenommen. Die Implantationskammer wird von den beiden drüsenfreien, im Uterus orthomesometral längsverlaufenden Endometrialpolstern abgeschlossen, die sich in der Mitte des Uteruslumens aneinanderlegen. Diese Polster bilden auf diese Weise eine “Decidua reflexa” (Hubrecht). Der Embryoblast ist antimesometral orientiert. Der abembryonale Pol der Blastocyste ist am glatten Oberflächenepithel der beiden Endometrialpolster fest verankert. Die Implantation erfolgt also zunächst abembryonal und nicht bilateral. Primär erfolgt diese Anheftung nur an der antimesometralen, der Implantationskammer zugekehrten Seite der Endometrialpolster. Beim nächsten untersuchten Entwicklungsstadium beginnen sich die beiden Endometrialpolster voneinander zu trennen. Die Implantationskammer wird eröffnet. Dadurch wird die primäre Anheftungsstelle der Blastocyste in der Mitte geteilt. In der Implantationskammer hat der Trophoblast Zapfen gebildet, die in die Öffnungen der Endometrialdrüsen reichen und der Resorption von Histiotrophe dienen. Wo die Endometrialpolster nicht vom Trophoblasten bedeckt werden, haben sich auf ihrer Oberfläche Krypten gebildet. Trophoblast-Riesenzellen haben das mütterliche Epithel an der primären Anheftungsstelle zerstört. Später am 9. Tag p. c. hat sich die Blastocyste weiter gegen das Mesometrium ausgedehnt und füllt nun das gesamte Uteruslumen aus. Durch die Aktivität der Trophoblast-Riesenzellen hat sich die Anheftungsstelle bis an den mesometralen Rand der Endometrialpolster ausgedehnt. So ist das Bild der zentralen und bilateralen Anheftung entstanden, das in der Literatur für Tupaia beschrieben wird. Es ist also erst sekundär zustande gekommen. Die Riesenzellen verschwinden, wenn die mütterliche Basalmembran durchbrochen ist. Der nun vielschichtige Trophoblast und primäre Zotten nehmen Kontakt mit mütterlichen Gefäßen auf (Luckett, 1968). Von der ersten Anheftung bis zur fertigen allanto-chorialen Placenta ist bei Tupaia ein antimesometral- mesometraler Gradient der Placentation festzustellen: die antimesometrale Seite der Anheftungsstellen an den Endometrialpolstern ist immer etwas weiter entwickelt als die mesometrale Seite. Durch gleichzeitige Lactation wird die Tragzeit von Tupaia belangeri nicht beeinflußt, die Implantation wird nicht verzögert. Martin's (1968) Hypothese, wonach die “true developmental period” bei Tupaia nur drei Wochen beträgt, können wir nicht stützen: nach der Implantation vollzieht sich die Embryogenese rasch weiter. Am 24. der insgesamt 44 Tage der Tragzeit fanden wir weit entwickelte Embryonen, die Streeters “horizon XXII” von Homo entsprechen.
    Notes: Summary Ten developmental stages of Tupaia belangeri are described. On day 6 post conception expanded bilaminar blastocysts were found in the uterine lumen. Implantation occurs on day 7 p.c.: the blastocyst lies in an antimesometrial implantation chamber. Implantation, therefore, is eccentric and not centric as previously described. The implantation chamber is sealed off from the rest of the uterine lumen by the two gland-free longitudinal endometrial pads apposed to each other in the midline. These pads form a “decidua reflexa” (Hubrecht). Orientation of the embryoblast is antimesometrial. The blastocyst is firmly attached by its abembryonic pole to the smooth surface epithelium of the two apposed endometrial pads. The initial attachment only involves the epithelium of the antimesometrial surface of the endometrial pads. Thus implantation is initially abembryonic and not bilateral. In the next stage the two endometrial pads have separated again, so that the primary site of attachment on them has also been divided. Inside the implantation chamber the trophoblast develops plugs which penetrate into the openings of the uterine glands. Endometrial crypts develop on the surface of the endometrial pads where these are free of the trophoblast. Late on day 9 p. c. the abembryonic pole of the blastocyst has further expanded towards the mesometrium and now fills the entire lumen of the uterus. The attachment plaques have expanded over the entire surface of the endometrial pads due to giant cell activity. Thus implantation has become centric and para-embryonic (bilateral). This condition, previously described for Tupaia in the literature, is only reached secondarily. The giant cells disappear when the maternal basement membrane has broken down. The multilayered cytotrophoblast and the primary villi come into contact with maternal vessels, as has been previously described by Luckett (1968). There is an antimesometrial to mesometrial gradient in the development of the placental discs; the antimesometrial side is always slightly more advanced. Concurrent lactation does not influence the duration of pregnancy in Tupaia belangeri. Implantation is not delayed by lactation. Martin's (1968) hypothesis of a “true developmental period” of only three weeks in Tupaia is not substantiated: embryogenesis progresses rapidly after implantation. Embryos in an advanced stage of development corresponding to Streeter's horizon XXII (Homo) have been recovered on day 24 p. c. of the 44-day gestation period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Primary epicardium ; Myocardium ; Tupaia belangeri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Development of the epicardium was studied in embryos of Tupaia belangeri from the 13th to 15th day of ontogeny. The greater part of the epithelium of the epicardium does not differentiate locally from the myoepicardium (cardiac splanchnopleure, splanchnic mesoderm), but rather from the coelomic epithelium of the septum transversum. The myoepicardium of the future atria and ventricles differentiates into myocardial cells only. On ontogenetic day 13, bulbar protrusions (the “villi” of Kurkiewicz 1909) are formed on the surface of the septum transversum and extend into the pericardial cavity, primarily between the sinoatrial and the ventricular regions of the embryonic heart. These protrusions are covered by flattened interdigitating cells, and they are filled with intercellular fluid of the mesenchyme of the septum transversum. Many mitoses are found among the cells. From these protrusions free vesicles are formed which are discharged into the pericardial cavity. The vesicles attach to the surface of the myoepicardium, i.e. to the developing myocardial cells. The vesicles open, and their cells spread out onto the surface of the heart to form the primary epicardium. This process begins on the dorsal surface of the heart, close to the protrusions of the septum transversum, there are, however, further isolated patches of primary epicardium in other regions of the surface of the heart. After the epicardial cells have settled onto the myocardium, mitoses become rare among them. On day 15, most of the myocardium is coated by the primary epicardium and the protrusions on the septum transversum disappear. A “bare” myocardium, as found on ontogenetic days 12 and 13 in Tupaia, might be a primitive (plesiomorphic) condition among chordates. In adult Branchiostoma, the coelomic epithelium which coats the contractile blood vessels had been found to differentiate into muscle cells that remain uncoated on the side facing the coelomic cavity (Franz 1933; Joseph 1914, 1928).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Phagocytes ; Morphogenesis ; Prosencephalon ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The patterns of cell death and of macrophages were investigated in the forebrain and eyes of the tree shrew Tupaia belangeri during five phases of optic cup formation. Seventeen embryos were studied. Three- dimensional reconstructions were made from one embryo of each phase. In phase 1 (V-shaped optic evagination) a midline band of cell death passes through the closing anterior neuroporus. From phases 2 (optic vesicle) to 5 (far-advanced invagination) the midline band of cell death extends in the dorsal wall of the forebrain to its rostral pole and, further, into its ventral wall. At the approximate future position of the optic chiasm this ventral pycnotic area, predicted but so far unidentified by others, is connected to a previously described second band of cell death passing through the optic anlagen. Recently, evidence has been presented that chicken embryos develop holoprosencephaly and cyclopia when ventral forebrain structures are lost secondary to experimentally induced apoptosis. Our findings in Tupaia suggest that, in cases of spontaneous malformations of this kind, such an atypical pycnotic area in the ventral telencephalon might result from the defective regulation of cell death processes during optic cup formation. In the forebrain and eyes of Tupaia, the occurrence of bands of cell death precedes the appearance of the earliest intraepithelial macrophages. From phase 3 (onset of invagination) onwards almost all of them are concentrated along the band of cell death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 285 (1996), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Retina ; Photoreceptor cells ; Megamitochondria ; Morphogenesis ; Reconstruction ; 3-D ; Tree shrew ; Tupaia belangeri (Scandentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The morphogenesis of the megamitochondria in the retinal cones of prenatal, young postnatal and adult tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) was studied by transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. The initial assembly of the supranuclear cone mitochondria and their subsequent migration towards the developing inner segment conform to the morphogenetic pattern known from other mammals. Within the first postnatal week, however, a marked increase in both the number of the cristae and the matrix density occurs in the inner segment mitochondria of Tupaia. These mitochondria then grow, initially exhibiting a basal-to-apical size-gradient. In the 17-day-old Tupaia, this gradient is superseded by a radial size-gradient that, in addition to the single apical megamitochondrion, is characteristically found in the adult Tupaia. The number of megamitochondria remains almost constant from day 12 of postnatal ontogenesis to the adult stage. Each megamitochondrion consists of an apically located body from which several long processes project towards the base of the inner segment. In the older stages, the number of small mitochondria that most probably have budded off from the megamitochondrial processes clearly increases. We consider that megamitochondria in the cone inner segments of Tupaia arise by the growth of a single mitochondrion and not by the fusion of smaller mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 299 (2000), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina Horizontal cells Capillaries Glial fibrillary acidic protein Tupaia belangeri (Scandentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Previously, ultrastructural evidence has been presented that, in the retina of adult Tupaia belangeri, the perikarya and processes of horizontal cells extensively ensheath the basal lamina of capillary cross sections located between the inner nuclear layer and the outer plexiform layer. The present study tests whether these horizontal cells can be further characterized by applying a polyclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP-immunoreactivity was noted in the astrocytic plexus ensheathing retinofugal axons in the nerve fiber layer. The vitreal endfeet and parts of the trunks of Müller cells were also labelled. Moreover, a large subpopulation of vessel-contacting horizontal cells was strongly GFAP-immunoreactive. Immunoreactivity was found in the perinuclear cytoplasm and in the sturdy primary dendrites of these cells. The somata of GFAP-immunoreactive horizontal cells were unevenly distributed. These cells had three to seven primary dendrites that showed considerable overlap with the dendrites of neighbouring horizontal cells. For these reasons, GFAP-immunoreactive horizontal cells were classified as belonging to the mammalian type A. Whether the simultaneous occurrence of two glial features, viz. extensive ensheathment of retinal capillaries and immunoreactivity for a polyclonal antibody towards GFAP, supports the view that retinal horizontal cells represent a cell type intermediate between neurons and glial cells is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 11 (1990), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 240 (1994), S. 416-422 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Tupaia ; Forelimb ; Artery ; Comparative embryology ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The arterial system of the upper extremities in man shows drastic developmental changes and many individual variations related to interspecific variations in primates. The ontogenetic development in Tupaia was examined from the viewpoint of comparative embryology.Methods: Histological specimens of 39 embryos were observed and reconstructed in three dimensions using a computer program. Four adult animals were dissected and examined with angiography to ascertain the end stage of development.Results: At the proximal end of the upper arm the deep brachial artery appears first as a concomitant vessel with the radial nerve. It becomes reduced in size and is succeeded by the posterior circumflex humeral artery, which is accompanied initially by the axillary nerve and finally by the radial nerve. The main arterial passageway to the fingers consists of the brachial and interosseous arteries during early development. The superficial brachial artery and median artery are formed later, and their connection becomes the main route of blood supply for the finger arteries up to the adult stage. The ulnar artery is formed at the end of arterial development to form the ulnar end of the superficial palmar arch. The superficial antebrachial arteries are also recognized.Conclusions: All the arterial elements of the forelimb in Tupaia are observed in a variety of primates, including man, and the characteristics of Tupaia are thought to represent the primitive conditions of the common ancestor of tree shrews and primates. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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