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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the distribution of lead, cadmium and mercury in the avian kidney by means of direct solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 358 (1997), S. 848-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of Pb, Cd and Hg was studied in 3 sets of 10 pairs of avian kidneys by means of direct solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-ETAAS). The hierarchic model for the analysis of variance for each element consisted of 10 animals, 2 pairs of kidneys, 3 sampling sites and 6 microsamples (n=360). Heterogeneity was found to be only a minor source of analytical variance in Pb, Cd and Hg. The kidney of an animal as component of variance was of no significant influence. However, the variance of the sampling site was highly significant in the case of Pb and Cd. Here, total analytical variance must be reduced by means of an adequate sampling strategy. For six replicates with each microsample taken from a different sampling site, the variance of mean value estimation as represented by the total distribution factor is reduced from 1.20 to 1.08 and from 1.19 to 1.07 in the case of Pb and Cd, respectively. In Hg-determinations, the respective factor is reduced from 1.23 to 1.09 with the sampling strategy having nearly no effect. Results of direct SS-ETAAS determinations of Pb, Cd and Hg in non-homogenized avian kidneys are considered to be highly representative, even more than in previous studies of mammalian kidneys and livers, due to the larger part of material which is actually analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050521
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical quality control by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in the production of animal tissue reference materials: bovine liver, teeth, bone, muscle, blood and equine renal cortex (1992)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 342 (1992), S. 941-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The function of solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GFAAS) in the laboratory-internal preparation, production and standardization of several animal tissue reference materials is described. SS-GFAAS is successfully applied in the production of a bovine liver reference material with a low content of Pb and Cd. The lab-internal production of 5 bovine teeth and 2 bovine bone reference materials illustrates some of the basic problems entailed in the analysis of Pb in osseus matrices and in the production of the reference material itself. In the production of muscle tissue reference material focal or generalized calcification is a serious source of endogenous Pb contamination. This is shown, by way of example, in the calcification of the larval states of Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis) in the bovine muscle. Finally, as further examples of the application of SS-GFAAS, the lab-internal production of reference material from bovine blood and equine renal cortex is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322831
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Pb and Cd in the liver of the mallard — direct determination by means of solid sampling ZAAS (1993)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 346 (1993), S. 1062-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of Pb and Cd in livers of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) was analysed by means of solid sampling AAS with direct ZEEMAN effect background correction (SS-ZAAS). In the case of Pb the analyses of variance indicated a negligibly low influence of heterogeneity on the final result. In a range of 0.03–1.2 ng/mg fresh matter (sample sizes: 0.4–15.7 mg) the variance due to heterogeneity proved to be distinctly lower than the residual experimental error. The anatomical location of the sampling site remained without significant influence. In the case of Cd (0.09–2.4 ng/mg, sample sizes: 0.05–14.1 mg), however, an increased degree of heterogeneity was observed in 50% of the livers. Here, the influence of heterogeneity can be effectively reduced by means of an adequate sampling scheme, which was shown by a comparison of methods including SS-ZAAS and a sample decomposition method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323717
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Pb and Cd in equine liver — direct determination by means of solid sampling ZAAS (1993)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 346 (1993), S. 1068-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of Pb and Cd in equine livers (n=7) was analyzed by means of solid sampling ZAAS. In all livers the analysis of variance indicated a negligibly low influence of heterogeneity on the final result. The results of solid sampling ZAAS determination of Cd and Pb in fresh non-homogenized livers (n=49) agreed with the results of a conventional sample decomposition method after homogenization of the respective sample material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323718
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid sampling ZAAS determination of endogenous Pb contamination in muscle tissue caused by calcification (1993)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 346 (1993), S. 1072-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Focal endogenous Pb contamination in bovine muscle tissue can be caused by Cysticercus bovis (C. bovis), the larval stage of Taenia saginata. 79 samples of cysts and the respective muscle tissues were analyzed by means of solid sampling Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-ZAAS). In calcified cysts of C. bovis, the Pb content was up to 1864 times higher than in the directly surrounding muscle tissue. The maximum Pb content of the cysts was 3.0 mg/kg, that of the muscle tissue 0.02 mg/kg. There is a significant positive correlation between the stage of calcification and the Pb content in the cysts (Spearman rank correlation: r=0.869, P≤0.01). Compared to the surrounding muscle tissue, even in non-calcified early stages of the cysticeri, there is a distinctly elevated Pb content. Non-focal endogenous Pb contamination in muscle tissue can be caused by calcification of the tissue itself or by calcification of its blood vessels. In the latter case the difference in the Pb content of muscle tissue (myocardium) and that of the regions which are prone to calcification (endocardium, endocardial platelets) proved to be highly significant with a ratio of up to 〈50. SS-ZAAS proved to be well suited for the determination of Pb in endogenously contaminated muscle tissue where sample decomposition methods may lead to incorrect results due to larger sample sizes and sample homogenization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323719
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical quality control by solid sampling GFAAS in the production of animal tissue reference materials: lead and cadmium in bovine liver reference materials (1991)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 340 (1991), S. 234-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The function of solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GFAAS) in the laboratory-internal preparation, production and standardization of bovine liver reference material is described. Analytical quality assurance was achieved by using a wet digestion decomposition procedure and GFAAS (WD-GFAAS) as well as three different methods of SS-GFAAS. It will be shown, that SS-GFAAS is an adequate and efficacious method of analytical quality control in the production of reference materials. Details are given about the preliminary steps of sample selection and preparation, applying SS-GFAAS both as a screening method and for the detection of contamination during the production of the reference materials. The element contents of the four bovine liver materials measured after decomposition with nitric acid in the open system by GFAAS and also by Flame-AAS, using the ‘slotted tube atom trap’, are compared statistically with the results obtained by SS-GFAAS. In solid sampling analyses three different systems were applied: a solid sampling ZAA-spectrometer with platform-boat, a D2AA-spectrometer with solid sampling graphite tube and platform-drawer and an autoprobe-D2AA-spectrometer with solid sampling autoprobe and graphite tube.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321775
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid sampling analysis by means of autoprobe-GFAAS (1992)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 343 (1992), S. 386-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A recently developed solid sampling graphite system for automatic probe atomisation (SAP-GFAAS) was applied for the direct determination of Pb and Cd in untreated bovine liver matrix. The study was based on 30 livers with a low content of lead (0.045 to 0.27 μg Pb/g fresh matter) and of cadmium (0.031–0.24 μg Cd/g fresh matter). The basic comparative data for the evaluation of the SAP-GFAAS method were supplied by a standardized GFAAS method with preliminary sample homogenization and matrix decomposition. Additionally, data were obtained by two further solid sampling methods: a front entry graphite system with direct Zeeman effect background correction and a side entry graphite system with high-energy deuterium continuum background correction. The combination of the autoprobe technique and solid sampling was shown to provide analytical results — in terms of handling, accuracy and precision — comparable to those obtained by means of the ‘conventional’ solid sampling systems. Differences between the results of the sample decomposition method and the solid sampling methods, as well as between the three solid sampling methods must be regarded as being of no practical significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322877
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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