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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vitro Excystation of Cryptosporidium baileyi from Chickens (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Release of sporozoites from the oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi is described from Nomarski interference-contrast microscopy. Just prior to excystation, the four sporozoites became motile and rearranged themselves within the oocyst. The sporozoites were then rapidly expelled through an opening that formed in the oocyst wall, and the residuum was either released or retained within the oocyst. Excysted sporozoites were crescent shaped and measured 5.0–9.0 μm × 1.0–1.6 μm (x̄= 6.8 × 1.1 μm). Excystation occurred when sodium taurocholate or a mixture of trypsin and sodium taurocholate was present in the incubation medium. High levels of excystation occurred at 37° or 40°C, but excystation did not occur at 4°C. The ability of biles from two avian and two mammalian hosts to produce excystation of C. baileyi was also studied. After a 2-h incubation at 40°C, the percentages of excystation were 69.5% in goat bile, 45.0% in pig bile, 33.0% in chicken bile, and 34.5% in turkey bile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03126.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Current Status of Research on Toxoplasma gondii: Report from the Fourth International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists. (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05041.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Observations on First-Generation Merogony of Eimeria tuskegeensis in Sigmodon hispidus (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: First-generation development of Eimeria tuskegeensis was evaluated using light microscopy. Sporozoite-shaped meronts containing a prominent refractile body were observed in small intestinal cells of an experimentally infected cotton rat at 24 h post inoculation (PI). Mature spherical or subspherical meronts containing crescent-shaped merozoites were observed at 36 h PI. Refractile bodies were observed in some of these merozoites. Sporozoite-shaped meronts that were isolated from host intestinal cells and inoculated onto human fetal lung cell cultures penetrated the cultured cells by 2 h PI. A mature, subspherical, first-generation meront containing seven merozoites was observed at 9 h PI in cell culture, indicating that sporozoite-shaped meronts isolated from the host retained their infectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03170.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete Development of Isospora suis of Swine in Chicken Embryos (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Development of the swine coccidium, Isospora suis, in embryonated chicken eggs is described. The allantoic cavities of eight-to-ten-day-old white Leghorn embryos were inoculated with either 100,000 or 200,000 sporozoites. Developmental stages morphologically similar to those found in the intestines of piglets were present in the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), beginning three days post inoculation (PI). No stages were found in the mesodermal or ectodermal layers of the CAM and none were observed in heart, lung, liver, or spleen. Type I meronts and merozoites were found on days 3 through 10 PI. Type II meronts and merozoites were found days 4 through 10 PI. Mature microgamonts, macrogamonts, and oocysts were found on days 7 through 10 PI. Oocysts appeared to be retained in the endodermal cells and in ovo sporulation did not occur. Attempts to sporulate CAM-derived oocysts were not successful. Isospora suis was not pathogenic for embryos under the conditions of this study. This study represents the first fully documented report of complete development of a mammalian coccidium in chicken embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb04306.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Caryocyst-Like Host Cell Formation by Caryospora duszynskii (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Human Fetal Lung Cell Cultures (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 35 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Sporozoites of the coccidium, Caryospora duszynskii, penetrated human fetal lung cell cultures but did not undergo asexual or sexual multiplication during a 29-day observation period. Beginning three days postinoculation (PI), infected host cells lost their normal elongated fibroblast-like shape and became ellipsoidal in appearance and resembled caryocysts. These caryocyst-like infected cells were observed from 3 through 29 days PI. Sporozoites remained viable throughout the study as evidenced by motility of extracellular sporozoites in infected human fetal lung cell cultures. Results of this in vitro study suggest that some species of Caryospora may form caryocysts in secondary hosts without undergoing asexual or sexual multiplication in these hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04071.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of In Vivo-Produced Caryocysts Containing the Coccidian Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimerüdae) (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 36 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cotton rat was inoculated orally with oocysts of Caryospora bigenetica from the feces of a rattlesnake. Sixteen days later the rat was euthanized, and portions of the scrotum, foot pad and muzzle were processed for histological sections and transmission electron microscopy. Sporozoites within caryocysts had typical coccidian features such as an anterior and posterior refractile body, centrally located nucleus, micronemes, rhoptries, a conoid, a micropore near the anterior refractile body, a posterior pore, amylopectin granules, lipid bodies, a Golgi-like body, a mitochondrion and subpellicular microtubules. The infected host cell was spherical and surrounded by a fibrous wall-like covering, 0.35–1.00 μm thick. This outer covering, when viewed in stained histological sections, was periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb02714.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the Swine Coccidium Eimeria debliecki Douwes, 1921 in Mammalian Cell Cultures (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sporozoites of Eimeria debliecki entered human fetal lung and porcine kidney cells grown in cultures and underwent one merogenous cycle, terminating in the production of second-generation trophozoites. Sporozoites were intracellular 1 h post-inoculation (PI) and developed into sporozoite-shaped meronts at 40 h PI. These meronts, one of which was motile, had from two to ten nuclei. Sporozoite-shaped meronts then developed into elongate or spheroidal meronts with 10 to 24 nuclei by two days PI. Ten to 26 first-generation merozoites were formed by budding from the meront surface. Mature first-generation merozoites were most numerous three days PI. Most meronts had ruptured and released nonmotile merozoites into the culture medium by four days PI. Merozoites that were not released became rounded and developed into second-generation trophozoites. Refractile bodies were present in all developmental stages. No further development was observed five through eight days PI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03099.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxoplasma gondii Research: Summary of the Seventh International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 48 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00513.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of E-beam Irradiation and Microwave Energy on Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) Experimentally Infected with Cryptosporidium parvum (2005)
    Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 52 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Shellfish have been identified as a potential source of Cryptosporidium infection for humans. The inactivation of C. parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. The present study examined the efficacy of two alternative food-processing treatments, e-beam irradiation and microwave energy, on the viability of C. parvum oocysts in Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica), which were artificially infected with the Beltsville strain of C. parvum. The effects of the treatments were evaluated by oral feeding of the processed oyster tissues to neonatal mice. Significant reductions (P〈0.05) in infectivity were observed for in-shell and shucked oysters treated with e-beam irradiation at doses of 1.0, 1.5, or 2 kGy vs. untreated controls. A dose of 2 kGy completely eliminated C. parvum infectivity and did not adversely affect the visual appearance of the oysters. Oyster tissue treated with microwave exposures of 1 s (43.2°C), 2 s (54.0°C), and 3 s (62.5°C) showed a reduction in C. parvum mouse infectivity, but the effects were not significantly different (P〉0.05) from controls. Microwave energy treatments at 2 and 3 s showed extensive changes in oyster meat texture and color. Thus, because of lack of efficacy and unacceptable tissue changes, microwave treatment of oysters is not considered a viable food-processing method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00056.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of High-Pressure Processing on Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts Recovered from Experimentally Exposed Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) (2005)
    Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 52 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Shellfish have been identified as a potential source of Cryptosporidium infection for humans. The inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. The present study identified the efficacy of a non-thermal alternative food-processing treatment, high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP), on the viability of C. parvum oocysts in the Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. Oysters were artificially exposed to 2 × 107 oocysts of the Beltsville strain of C. parvum in seawater and subjected to HPP treatments. The effects of the treatments were evaluated by inoculation of the processed oyster tissues into neonatal mice. High-pressure processing of shucked Eastern oysters at all pressures tested (305, 370, 400, 480, and 550 MPa) was significantly effective (P〈0.05) in reducing the numbers of positive mouse pups fed treated oyster tissues exposed to C. parvum oocysts. A dose of 550 MPa at 180 s (s) of holding time produced the maximum decrease in numbers of C. parvum positive mouse pups (93.3%). Measurement of tristimulus color values of HPP-treated raw oysters at extended processing times from 120 s to 360 s at 550 MPa showed a small increase in whiteness of oyster meat. This non-thermal processing treatment shows promise for commercial applications to improve safety of seafood and reduce public health risks from cryptosporidiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00059.x
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