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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 129 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One-hundred strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, representing isolates from different parts of the world, including the reference strains, were obtained from different collections and characterized with special reference to cytotoxin production in vitro. The cytotoxic activity on cultured epithelial cells (HEp-2) was examined with two methods. The activity in bacterial sonicates was tested on freshly trypsinated cells and strains manifesting little or no cytotoxic activity in sonicates were investigated using attached living bacteria on HEp-2 cell-monolayers. Sonicates from the majority of the H. ducreyi strains (89%) produced significant cytotoxic effects on HEp-2 cells. The reciprocal cytotoxic titers of the sonicates ranged from 2.4 × 102 to 5.3 × 105. Sonicates of 11 strains had low cytotoxic titers (? 1:3 to 1:81), eight of those originating from Asia and three from Africa. These 11 strains caused no damage to the cell monolayer, indicating that the 11 strains produce little or no cytotoxic activity in vitro. In summary, the majority of H. ducreyi isolates produce cytotoxic activity, which support the hypothesis that the cytotoxin may be an important virulence factor of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1998), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Group B streptococci ; Maternal Antibodies ; Antibody decline ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Invasive group B streptococcal (GBS) infections are common in neonates but are rare after the 1st month of life. It is not known why GBS infections have this age distribution which differs from that of invasive infections caused by other encapsulated bacteria. The aim of this study was to test the possibility that serum antibodies against the GBS capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are acquired during the first months of life thereby preventing infections after the neonatal period. Cord sera were collected from 321 healthy term newborns. A second blood sample was collected at 2, 4, 8, 13 or 26 weeks of age. IgG CPS antibodies (measured by ELISA) against serotypes Ia, II and III were present in 98%–100% of all cord sera and decreased continuously during the first 6 months of life. No IgM antibodies against serotype III CPS were present in cord sera. Only 16%–17% of the children acquired IgM antibodies against serotype III CPS at 3 and 6 months of age. Conclusion Early acquisition of IgG or IgM antibodies against CPS of the most common GBS serotypes was not demonstrated and cannot explain the rare occurrence of invasive GBS infections in children after the 1st month of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Group B streptococcus ; Tetanus ; Antibodies ; Class ; Subclass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neonates are protected against group B streptococcal (GBS) infections and tetanus by transplacentally transferred serum antibodies. Antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA classes and IgG subclasses to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of type III group B streptococci (GBS III) and to tetanus toxoid (TT) were measured in sera from healthy women of fertile age and in paired maternal and cord blood sera from term and preterm pregnancies. GBS III CPS antibodies of the IgG class were found in sera from 97 out of 100 women of fertile age, but only 15 of them had antibodies above the proposed protective level (≥2 μg/ml). TT IgG antibodies above the protective level (0.01 units/ml) were found in all sera. The IgG antibodies against GBS III CPS were mainly composed of the IgG2 subclass and to a lesser extent of IgG1. Almost all women had IgG1 antibodies against TT and 40% had IgG4 antibodies. Total IgG and IgG1 antibodies against GBS III CPS were higher in cord blood sera from 37 term neonates than in sera from their mothers whereas IgG2 antibody levels were similar. Total IgG and IgG1 antibodies against TT were also higher in the 20 term neonates tested than in their mothers. In contrast, total IgG and IgG1 to both GBS III CPS and TT and IgG2 to GBS III CPS were lower in cord blood sera from preterm neonates than in sera from their mothers. IgA antibodies to GBS III CPS were detected in 63% of breast milk samples while IgA antibodies against TT were detected in only 4%. In conclusion the study shows important differences in IgG subclass composition of antibodies against a polysaccharide and a protein antigen and in placental transfer of IgG antibodies in term and preterm babies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum antibody response to pertussis toxin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 172 patients with clinical symptoms typical of whooping cough. The diagnosis was verified by culture in 100 patients. Serum antibodies were either not detectable or present only at low levels in sera obtained in the early stage of disease. Significant changes in serum levels of IgG, IgM and/or IgA were demonstrated in 143 patients (83 %). The lack of comparable increases in most of the other patients may be due to inappropriate timing of serum collection. Thus, detection of antibodies against pertussis toxin in paired serum samples can be used for serological diagnosis of pertussis. However, the presence of IgM and/or IgA in a single serum sample does not confirm a diagnosis of pertussis, since such antibodies were found in healthy adults as well as in patients two years after the disease. High levels of these antibodies are, however, suggestive of on-going or recent disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Polen wird die Impfung gegen Diphtherie, Tetanus und Pertussis (DTP) vom 2.–3. Lebensmonat an empfohlen. Es werden drei Dosen in Abständen von etwa sechs Wochen appliziert. Die Boosterung erfolgt im Alter von 19–24 Monaten mit DPT und im Alter von 6 und 14 Jahren mit DT. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Serumproben von 166 polnischen Kindern im Alter von zwei Wochen bis 14 Jahren untersucht. Der Impfstatus wurde den Gesundheitsbüchern der Kinder entnommen. Die Antikörper gegen Pertussis Toxin, filamentöses Hämagglutinin (FHA) und Pertactin sowie gegen Tetanus Toxoid und Diphtherie-Toxin wurden bestimmt. Mütterliche Antikörper gegen alle fünf Antigene fanden sich bei allen Seren der noch nicht geimpften Säuglinge. Die Antikörperspiegel stiegen mit der Zahl der verabreichten Impfdosen an. Die höchsten Antikörpertiter fanden sich bei Kindern, die vor kurzer Zeit die vierte Impfdosis erhalten hatten. Mit Ausnahme von FHA nahmen die Titer aller Antikörper nach der vierten Impfung mit der Zeit ab. Es wird angenommen, daß die polnische Ganzzell-Vakzine gegen Pertussis die Antikörperbildung gegen Pertussis-Toxin, FHA und Pertactin stimuliert, daß jedoch die Antikörperbildung gegen FHA wahrscheinlich auch durch kreuzreagierende Antigene angeregt wird. Die Antikörper gegen Diphtherie-Toxin und Tetanus-Toxoid waren bei allen Kindern oberhalb der protektiven Spiegel, aber der Abfall über lange Zeit rechtfertigt die Boosterung mit 14 Jahren. 25 der 166 Kinder (15%) hatten einen Impfstatus, der von den Empfehlungen abwich, was zeigt, daß es nötig ist, die Impfrate zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Summary In Poland vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) is recommended from 2–3 months of age. Three doses at approximately 6-week intervals are given. A booster dose of DTP is given at 19–24 months and boosters of DT at 6 and 14 years. In this study serum samples were obtained from 166 Polish children aged 2 weeks to 14 years. Vaccination status was verified from the children's Health Books. Antibodies were determined against pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxin. Antibodies of maternal origin against all five antigens were detected in almost all sera from infants not yet vaccinated. Antibody levels increased with the number of vaccinations given. Children who had recently received the fourth vaccination had the highest antibody levels. Antibody levels decreased with time after the fourth vaccination for all antibodies except FHA. It was concluded that the Polish whole cell pertussis vaccine stimulates antibodies against pertussis toxin, FHA and pertactin, but that antibodies against FHA probably also are stimulated by cross-reacting antigens. Diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxoid antibodies were above protective levels in all vaccinated children, but the long-term decreases justify the booster dose at 14 years. Twenty-five of 166 children (15%) had a vaccination status which deviated from recommendations demonstrating a need to increase the vaccination rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 3 (1984), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A retrospective study was conducted on invasiveHaemophilus influenzae infections in adults (⩾ 16 years) for the period 1971–1983 in two regions in Sweden. The annual incidence was determined to be 1.1 per 100,000. Predisposing factors included advanced age, bronchopulmonary diseases, alcoholism, traumatic head injury, malignant diseases and pregnancy. Pleuropulmonary infections were the most common manifestations followed by epiglottitis, meningitis and septicaemia of unknown origin. A death rate of 8 % was established. Both encapsulated and non-typable strains were found to be potentially pathogenic, but the non-typable strains had a lower virulence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Titers of antibodies to filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay in acute and convalescent phase serum samples from 158 patients with clinical symptoms typical of whooping-cough. In 96 of the patients the diagnosis was verified by culture. Significant changes in serum levels of IgG, IgM and/or IgA antibodies against FHA were demonstrated in 126 patients (80%). Thus, demonstration of significant changes in FHA antibody titers in serum can be used for serological diagnosis of pertussis. The results also show that high levels of IgG, IgM and/or IgA antibodies in a single serum sample suggest current pertussis infection, but if the diagnosis is based on determinations of FHA antibody titers in a single serum sample the sensitivity is low. The levels of antibody to FHA were compared with previously determined levels of antibodies to pertussis toxin. A significant antibody response against both FHA and pertussis toxin was seen in 111 patients (70 %) while 147 patients (93 %) developed a significant increase in antibodies against one or both antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 5 (1986), S. 446-447 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 4 (1985), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia was studied in 127 patients with roentgenologically verified pneumonia who needed hospitalization. Etiology was determined on the basis of a positive blood culture and/or a significant antibody titer increase.Streptococcus pneumoniae was the probable etiological agent in 69 patients, nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae in five patients,Streptococcus pyogenes in two patients, andLegionella pneumophila andStaphylococcus aureus in one patient each. Evidence ofMycoplasma pneumoniae infection was found in 18 patients and ofChlamydia psittaci infection in three patients. Influenza virus type A was the cause of infection in 15 patients. One patient had infection with influenza virus type B, one patient with parainfluenza virus type 1, and three patients with respiratory syncytial virus. In 20 patients there was evidence of infection with more than one microorganism. No etiological agent was found in 27 patients. SinceStreptococcus pneumoniae was the predominant etiological agent penicillin should be drug of first choice in patients with pneumonia who need treatment in hospital. In young adults, however, the high frequency ofMycoplasma pneumoniae infection would justify the use of erythromycin or doxycycline as drug of first choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 4 (1985), S. 310-315 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A method for testing adherence ofHaemophilus influenzae strains to buccal mucosal cells is described. Bacteria grown in broth for 4 h were mixed with buccal mucosal cells. After elimination of unattached bacteria by repeated cycles of centrifugation and resuspension in PBS, the number of attached bacteria was counted microscopically. Optimal results were obtained with an early log-phase bacterial culture at a concentration of 109 bacteria/ml mixed with 2×104 cells/ml and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. This assay showed an at least ten times higher rate of adherence forHaemophilus influenzae than previous studies. Nontypeable strains attached in higher numbers than strains with the type b capsule. Adherence was related to the frequency of nontypeable strains rather than to the site of isolation or type of infection. Thus all the isolates from middle ear fluid were nontypeable, and all but one adhered. The results suggest a difference in virulence mechanisms between type b and nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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