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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 18 (1989), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0020-7322
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 18 (1989), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 0020-7322
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 19 (1969), S. 111-155 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1.Petrobius brevistylis Carpenter lebt an Felsküsten im Supralitoral, in Deutschland auf Helgoland. Die Eiablage erfolgt im Juni und Juli. Die Embryonal-entwicklung dauert etwa 1 Jahr. 2. Die superfizielle Furchung setzt sofort ein. Es entsteht in wenigen Tagen ein Blastoderm. Dieses scheidet eine Blastodermmembran ab, an der verschiedene Schichten zu unterscheiden sind. 3. Am hinteren Eipol bildet sich eine runde Keimscheibe, die sich bald in die Länge streckt. Es entsteht der Keimstreif, an dem als erste Zeichen der äußeren Segmentierung die Knospen von Antenne, Mandibel und Maxille gebildet werden. 4. Danach kommt es zur Ausbildung von Embryonalhäuten. Das Blastoderm geht zu einem großen Teil in die Serosa über, während das Amnion den Embryo eine Zeitlang ventral umhüllt. Wenn sich die Serosa zurückzieht, breitet sich das Amnion auf der Dotteroberfläche aus. 5. Die Ausformung der Extremitäten an Kopf, Thorax und Abdomen wird geschildert. Der Hypopharynx entsteht über dem Mandibelsegment. Weder die unpaare Lingua, noch die paarige Superlinguae sind Extremitäten homolog. Am 1. Abdominalsegment bilden sich große Pleuropodien, die bis kurz vor dem Schlüpfen persistieren. 6. Von der frühen Lage am hinteren Eipol wandert der Keimstreif zur Mitte der Ventralseite (Blastokinese). Dort sinkt er in den Dotter ein und wird von Dotterwülsten völlig verdeckt. Es bildet sich auf diese Weise eine Art Amnionhöhle. 7. Die Mesodermablösung erfolgt durch Einwanderung von Zellen aus einer Sprossungszone am Hinterende des Keimstreifs. Die Mesodermlamelle zerfällt in einzelne Somite, in denen durch Spaltraumbildung Coelome entstehen, die in die Extremitäten eindringen. Es werden 10 abdominale Coelome gebildet, aber auch das 11. Segment enthält Mesoderm. Im Kopf findet man solides Mesoderm im Interkalarsegment, ein Paar große Coelome im Antennensegment und unpaares Mesoderm im Labrum. Im Interkalarmesoderm bilden sich die paarigen Suboesophagealkörper. Gonadenanlagen liegen im Coelom des 2. und 3. Thoraxsegmentes und in den ersten Abdominalsegmenten. 8. Der Vorderdarm senkt sich früh ein, er ist bei schlupfreifen Embryonen rechtwinklig gebogen. Der Enddarm durchbricht das noch unsegmentierte abdominale Mesoderm und biegt später nach vorn um. Er besitzt eine nichtzellige Abschlußmembran zum Dotter hin. 9. Es wird ein vorderes und hinteres Tentorium aus paarigen Einstülpungen im Mandibel- bzw. Labialsegment gebildet. Die Anlagen verschmelzen nicht miteinander. 10. Das Bauchmark entwickelt sich aus Neuroblasten. Das Neuropilem liegt an der dorsalen Seite der Ganglien. Es werden 11 abdominale Ganglien angelegt. Bei frühen Stadien zeigt sich ein eindeutiger Mittelstreif. 11. Das Gehirn entwickelt sich aus 3 Protocerebralloben (1. Lobus = Lobus opticus, 1. + 2. Lobus = Archicerebrum, 3. Lobus = Prosocerebrum), dem Deuto- und dem Tritocerebrum. Das Prosocerebrum (Lobus 3 + 3′) bildet Protocerebralbrücke, Zentralkörper und Nebenlappen mit der Kommissur.
    Notes: Abstract Petrobius brevistylis Carpenter lives in the rocky supralittoral of the island Helgoland. Eggposition lasts from June to July, embryonic development one year. The superficial cleavage begins immediately after eggposition. Within a few days, a blastoderm is formed which gives rise to a cuticle consisting of different layers. At the rear tip of the egg a round germ disc develops and spreads out. The germ band gives rise to the primordia of antennae, mandibles, and maxillae — the first signs of segmentation. Most of the blastoderm differentiates into the serosa, while the amnion temporarily covers the ventral side of the embryo. When the serosa shrinks the amnion spreads out over the yolk surface. Details of the formation of the extremities of head, thorax, and abdomen are described. The hypopharynx arises rather late on the mandible segment. Neither lingua nor superlinguae are homologous to the extremities. At the first abdominal segment a pair of pleuropodia are formed, which disappear shortly before hatching. The germ band moves from the rear tip of the egg to the ventral part (blastokinesis), where it sinks into the yolk; parts of the yolk form an amniotic cavity. Mesoderm formation takes place by immigration of cells from a proliferation zone at the back of the germ band. The mesoderm lamella divides into several somites which form coelomic cavities entering into the extremities. Ten abdominal coelomic sacs are formed. The eleventh segment contains a solid mesodermal mass. In the head, a solid mesodermal mass occurs in the premandibular segment, and a pair of large coelomic sacs in the antenna segment. The labrum reveals an unpaired mesoderm. A pair of suboesophageal bodies are formed in the premandibular segment. The stomodaeum caves in early during development; at the end of the development it has a rectangular shape. The proctodaeum breaks through the unsegementated abdominal mesoderm and later on turns to the front; it has evidently a cuticular membrane separating it from the yolk. A front and a back tentorium are formed by paired invaginations on the mandible and labium segments; they do not fuse. The ventral nerve chain develops from large neuroblasts. The neuropile is situated at the dorsal side of the ganglions. Eleven abdominal ganglions are formed. During early developmental stages a median cord can clearly be recognized. The brain develops from 3 protocerebral lobes, the deutocerebrum, and the tritocerebrum. The prosocerebrum, the third protocerebral lobe, forms the pons cerebralis, the central body, and the corpora ventralia with the commissure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 18 (1968), S. 124-129 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Lebensraum vonPetrobius brevistylis Carpenter auf Helgoland ist das felsige Supralitoral an der Nordspitze der Insel. Die Besiedlungsdichte ist teilweise sehr hoch. 2. Von November bis April leben die Tiere zurückgezogen in den Felstrümmern. Die Eiablage erfolgt im Juni und Juli; die Entwicklungszeit beträgt ein Jahr. 3. Eine Blastodermmembran schützt die Embryonen. Die Körperlänge beträgt beim Schlüpfen 2,5 mm. Nach einem Jahr beträgt die Körpergröße 8 mm und nach zwei Jahren 12 mm. Massenansammlungen von Exuvien und Häutungsanomalien wurden beobachtet. 4. Die Nahrung besteht aus kleinen Grünalgen. Der Salzbedarf der Tiere wird offensichtlich durch die aufgenommene Nahrung gedeckt.
    Notes: Abstract The supralittoral habitat ofPetrobius brevistylis Carpenter on the isle of Helgoland is described. The animals live very close together. From November to April they occur in the deep crevices of the rocklets. Eggs are laid from June to July. The incubation period lasts one year. A blastoderm cuticle protects the embryo. The first instar measures about 2.5 mm. After one year body length is 8 mm, after two years 12 mm. Many exuvies and anomalies during ecdysis have been observed.P. brevistylis feeds on small Chlorophyceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 266-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Collembola ; Colour-marked food ; Food selection ; Soil fungi ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of five collembolan species to distinguish and graze selectively on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) has been verified. Four species preferred the food infected by VAM fungi. All collembolan species showed more of less significant preferences for one species/isolate of the VAM fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm burrows ; Casts ; Macropores ; Bulk density ; Soil compaction ; Water movement ; Lumbricus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Column experiments were carried out to quantify the effect of earthworms on compacted soil. The earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were able to burrow into soil which was artificially compacted to a pore volume as low as 40%; they may also penetrate an artificial “plough pan” deep in the soil. The effect of the burrowing activity of Lumbricus terrestris was quantified by measuring hydraulic conductivities and infiltration rates through the whole soil column (19 cm wide, 40 cm long). Morphological parameters, mainly the vertically projected burrow depth, were correlated with the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The amount of casts deposited by Lumbricus terrestris on the soil surface increased with the degree of soil compaction. The bulk density of casts was always less than that of the original soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 203-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Collembola ; Colour-marked food ; Fungi ; Soil fauna ; Food selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A laboratory method was developed for colour-marking different food types ingested by several slightly pigmented or unpigmented species of Collembola. After feeding Collembola on food marked with food-colouring, the gut contents of the animals appeared coloured. Thus, it was possible to accurately relate the tested animals to the differently stained types of food, irrespective of the location of the animals at the moment of observation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworm burrows ; X-ray computed tomography ; three-dimensional visualization ; Allolobophora caliginosa ; Octolasium cyaneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Earthworm burrows of endogeic species (Allolobophora caliginosa, Octolasium cyaneum) in artificially packed soil columns were examined using X-ray computed tomography. By means of digital image processing, it was possible to reconstruct and visualize the burrow system in three dimensions. The reconstruction revealed morphological features of the burrows which were not obvious from two-dimensional section images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Sewage sludge ; Heavy metals ; Pratylenchus spp. ; Heterodera spp. ; Aphelenchoides spp. ; Ecumenicus spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The abundance of nematodes was investigated in agricultural plots treated in three different ways, the first with no treatment, the second with 300 m3 ha-1 a-1 raw sewage sludge and the third with 300 m3 ha-1 a-1 sewage sludge with the addition of heavy metals. The nematodes were determined down to the genus and were assigned to five feeding groups. Total nematode numbers were highest in the site treated with sewage sludge and heavy metals. The smallest total numbers were found in the control site. The plant-feeding nematode genera showed different patterns of abundance depending on the sludge treatment and heavy metal content. For the mycophagic and bacteriophagic nematodes, numbers increased with the amount of sludge, especially in the sites with a higher heavy metal content. The family Rhabditidae was the most numerous group in the sludge plus heavy metals treatment. In contrast to these findings, the omnivorous nematodes were very rare in the sludgetreated plots and were completely absent in plots treated with sludge plus heavy metals, whereas predatory nematodes were numerous only after the application of sludge alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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