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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2-Deoxy-3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-pentofuranose Derivatives: Stereoselective Synthesis and Conversion into a Novel Class of Nucleoside Analogs (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 60 (1995), S. 7298-7303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00127a041
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pilocarpic acid esters as novel sequentially labile pilocarpine prodrugs for improved ocular delivery (1985)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 28 (1985), S. 979-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00146a001
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraoperative ultrasonography in detection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer (1995)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 38 (1995), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Ultrasonography ; Liver ; Segments ; Metastases ; Halo ; Staging ; Colorectal cancer ; Surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare diagnostic accuracies of measuring liver enzymes, preoperative ultrasonography, surgical examination, and intraoperative ultrasonography for detection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. METHODS: Blind, prospective comparisons of diagnostic examinations mentioned above were performed in 295 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer. An experienced ultrasonologist performed the preoperative examinations, nd results were unknown to the other experienced ultrasonologist who performed the intraoperative examinations. The latter, also was unaware of the findings by the surgeon. The presence of metastases was further assessed by ultrasonography three months postoperatively, as well as additional surgery and liver biopsy in some of the patients. RESULTS: The sensitivity of intraoperative ultrasonography (62/64) was significantly superior to that of surgical exploration (54/64) and that of preoperative ultrasonography (45/64). The lowest sensitivity was presented by liver enzymes. Bilobar metastases were detected in 42 of 46 patients by intraoperative ultrasonography but in only 33 patients by the surgeon. Intraoperative ultrasonography demonstrated the highest specificity of all examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative ultrasonography reduces the number of patients with liver metastases from being subjected to superfluous or even harmful liver surgery, and it may increase the number in whom liver surgery will prolong life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02054221
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the Disposition of Hepatically-Generated Morphine-3-glucuronide and Morphine-6-glucuronide in Isolated Perfused Liver from the Guinea Pig (1997)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 1014-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: morphine ; morphine-3-glucuronide ; morphine-6-glucuronide ; liver ; membrane transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. Humans and guinea pigs metabolise morphine extensively, forming the isomers morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in relatively similar ratios. Both metabolites are formed in the liver, and their greater polarity relative to the parent aglycone may limit their permeability across hepatic membranes. This study compared the disposition of hepatically-generated M3G and M6G in perfused livers isolated from guinea pigs. Methods. Livers were perfused at 30 ml/min in a non-recirculating manner with Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing morphine (6 to 7 μM). Perfusing medium, venous perfusate and bile were collected at regular intervals and concentrations of morphine, M3G and M6G determined by reversed-phase HPLC. Results. Concentrations of morphine, M3G and M6G in perfusate and the rates of biliary excretion of M3G and M6G were consistent between 20 and 50 min of perfusion. The mean (±s.d.) ratio for the rate of formation of M3G relative to M6G was 3.7 ± 1.5. A mean 33 ± 3% of morphine extracted by the liver was recovered as summed M3G and M6G. Of the M3G and M6G formed during a single passage, 19 ± 11% and 9 ± 9%, respectively, was excreted into bile; the values were significantly different (P = 0.002). Conclusions. A greater fraction of hepatically-generated M3G excreted into bile compared to that for M6G reflects differences in their relative transport across sinusoidal and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes, possibly via carrier-mediated systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012145126847
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macromolecular Prodrugs. XV. Colon-Targeted Delivery—Bioavailability of Naproxen from Orally Administered Dextran–Naproxen Ester Prodrugs Varying in Molecular Size in the Pig (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 919-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: dextran ester prodrugs ; naproxen bioavailability ; oral colon-targeted delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of naproxen after oral administration of aqueous solutions of various dextran–naproxen ester prodrugs in pigs was determined. The dextran prodrugs employed ranged in molecular weight from 10,000 to 500,000. As calculated relative to an equivalent oral dose of parent naproxen, the absorption fractions of all the derivatives were close to 100%. Only small interindividual variation of naproxen bioavailability was observed. The naproxen plasma profiles for all the administered prodrugs exhibited a characteristic lag time of naproxen appearance in the blood (2–3 hr). Compared to administration of the prodrugs alone, coadministration of excess of the parent dextran further delayed the absorption of naproxen from the GI tract. The results of the present study demonstrate the potential of dextran prodrugs for colon site-specific delivery of drugs containing a carboxylic acid functional group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015981126732
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macromolecular Prodrugs. XVI. Colon-Targeted Delivery—Comparison of the Rate of Release of Naproxen from Dextran Ester Prodrugs in Homogenates of Various Segments of the Pig Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 6 (1989), S. 995-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: dextran ester prodrugs ; naproxen regeneration ; activation in pig gastrointestinal (GI) tract homogenates ; dextranases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have determined initial rates of naproxen formation from dextran-naproxen ester prodrugs incubated in homogenates of various segments of the pig GI tract. Drug liberation proceeded 15–17 times faster in cecum and colon homogenates than in aqueous pH 7.4 buffer or homogenates of the small intestine. The degree of conjugate substitution did not affect the liberation rates, whereas enhanced drug activation was observed with decreasing molecular size of the carrier dextran. During incubation in colon homogenates the average molecular weight of the dextran prodrugs decreased. The mechanism of drug activation from the prodrugs may therefore involve an initial depolymerization step of the dextran chains by dextranases secreted from bacteria in the pig colon. The generated small fragments then serve as substrates for esterases and other hydrolases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015914101233
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Oral Administration of a Ketoprofen–Dextran Ester Prodrug in Pigs: Assessment of Gastrointestinal Unavailability by Deconvolution (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 915-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: ketoprofen ; prodrugs ; pharmacokinetics ; deconvolution ; in vivo dissolution/release profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Deconvolution has been applied to estimate the in vivo dissolution/ release process of ketoprofen from a ketoprofen–dextran ester pro-drug in pigs. The prodrug was given to three pigs at intervals of 12 hr and in seven doses corresponding to 4 mg ketoprofen/kg body weight. Frequent blood sampling was carried out at the first, third, and seventh intervals. Plasma steady-state concentrations of ketoprofen following the prodrug administration were between 2 and 4 µg/ml. The reference consisted of a single p.o. dose of parent ketoprofen (4 mg/kg body weight). For each pig the response following the multiple dosing was deconvolved with the reference response using an algebraic deconvolution procedure adopted from the literature. The obtained cumulated in vivo dissolution/release profiles revealed similar release rates for the three pigs and similar extents of release (59, 70, and 65%). The mean in vivo dissolution/release times (MDT) were calculated to be 5.4, 6.1, and 5.7 hr, respectively. In conclusion, following administration of the dextran prodrug the plasma concentration curves and the dissolution/release profiles are uniform, with small interindividual variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015805000595
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Amino Acids and Peptides, 13 Improved Synthesis of 5-Thioxo-L-proline and of Some N-Acyl and S-Alkyl Derivatives as Building Blocks in Peptide Synthesis (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1989 (1989), S. 819-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: L-Proline, S-alkyl-5-thioxo-, N-acyl-5-thioxo- ; Peptide building blocks ; 5-Thioxo-L-proline ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We herein report an improved synthetic pathway to 5-thioxo-L-proline (2) (using R,S nomenclature, the L form here possesses the S configuration). Compound 2 is synthesized from naturally occurring 5-oxo-L-proline (1) at room temperature with 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide (3) (Lawesson′s reagent, LR). The synthesis is an improved version of our previously published method. The optical purity of 2 has been proven by thin-layer chromatography based on chiral ligand exchange. The synthesis of N-acyl and S-alkyl derivatives of 5-thioxo-L-proline (Top-OH), 5-thioxo-L-proline methyl ester (Top-OCH3), and the pseudodipeptide Boc-L-Phe-Top-OCH3 is also described.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198919890231
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