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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general method for the immobilization of cells with preserved viability (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Microbial, algal, plant and animal cells have been immobilized, with preserved viability, by entrapment in various matrices according to a new bead polymerization technique. The cell polymer/monomer mixture is kept suspended in a hydrophobic phase such as soy, paraffin, or silicon oil, tri-n-butylphosphate, or dibutyphtalate, which is compatible with the cells. The various monomers or polymers tested include agarose, agar, carrageenan, alginate, fibrin, and polyacrylamide. Furthermore, by adjustment of the stirring speed of the suspension, beads of desired diameter can easily be obtained. The entrapped cells are fully viable and biosynthetically active.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499497
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steroid transformation by living cells immobilized in calcium alginate (1979)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1979), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Arthrobacter simplex were immobilized in a living state in calcium alginate gel. The bacteria showed steroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase activity and the production of prednisolone from cortisol was investigated. The Δ1-dehydrogenase activity of the immobilized cells could be increased about ten-fold by incubation in nutrient media (e.g., containing 0.5% peptone abd 0.2% glucose). The reason for this activation was examined and it was found that the immobilized cells were capable of multiplying when supplied with nutrients. Furthermore, provided that an inducer, cortisol, was present, the steroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase activity increased in proportion to the increase in the number of cells and it was thus concluded that microbial growth was the cause of activation. Experiments on repeated, batch-wise pseudocrystallofermentation with immobilized A. simplex cells also showed that immobilized cells could be advantageously used for pseudocrystallofermentation of steroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505015
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steroid hydroxylation using immobilized spores of Curvularia lunata germinated in situ (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Spores of Curvularia lunata were immobilized in polyacrylamide granules and in calcium alginate beads (2–3 mm in diam.). Germination of the spores, initiated by the addition of nutrients, resulted in an even distribution of mycelium throughout the beads after 48 h. Such beads were used for the conversion of cortexolone to cortisol by steroid-11β-hydroxylation. In order to improve the steroid transforming ability several parameters were studied. It was found that preparations based on calcium alginate gave the best results. The possible merits of immobilizing spores rather than vegetative cells, followed by in situ germination are discussed also for other microorganisms and immobilization processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504722
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Galβ1-3GlcNAc and Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ-SEt by an enzymatic method comprising the sequential use of β-galactosidases from bovine testes andEscherichia coli (1989)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 6 (1989), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: Glycosidases in carbohydrate synthesis ; Galβ1-3GlcNAc ; Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ-SEt ; β-galactosidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Galβ1-3GlcNAc (1) and Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ-SEt (2) were synthesized on a 100 mg scale by the transgalactosylation reaction of bovine testes β-galactosidase with lactose as donor andN-acetylglucosamine and GlcNAcβ-SEt as acceptors. In both cases the product mixtures contained unwanted isomers and were treated with β-galactosidase fromEscherichia coli which has a different specificity, under conditions favouring hydrolysis, yielding besides the desired products, monosaccharides and traces of trisaccharides. The products were purified to 〉95% by gel filtration, with a final yield of 12% of 1 and 17% of 2, based on added acceptor. In a separate experiment Galβ1-6GlcNAcβ-SEt (3) was synthesized by the transglycosylation reaction using β-galactosidase fromEscherichia coli. No other isomers were detected. Compound 3 was purified by HPLC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050645
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid ester synthesis by immobilized α-chymotrypsin (1987)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 9 (1987), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A screening of immobilized α-chymotrypsin preparations suitable for the synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester from N-acetyl-L-tyrosine and up to 99% ethanol was carried out. α-Chymotrypsin adsorbed to Sepharose LH-20 or covalently bound to Sepharose 4B (tresyl chloride activation) was found to be an efficient catalyst. A column packed with immobilized enzyme retained 60% of its initial activity after 6 days of operation in a cyclohexane-ethanol medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027451
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miniaturised expanded-bed column with low dispersion suitable for fast flow-ELISA analyses (2000)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 22 (2000), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: broth analysis ; expanded bed ; flow-ELISA ; high-density adsorbent ; pellicular adsorbent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Flow-ELISA measurements of the monoclonal antibody concentration in cultivation broth containing murine hybriboma cells were carried out using a small expanded-bed column (0.5×2.5 cm) charged with protein A. A new specialised pellicular agarose/stainless steel matrix designed for high flow rates with fast mass transport properties was used. Special care was taken to get an efficient flow distribution. The axial dispersion coefficient was very low (2×10−6 m2 s−1 for latex particles at a linear velocity of 10 cm min−1). Breakthrough curves for polyclonal IgG on the protein A-derivatised support (at 2–11 cm min−1) further emphasised its advantageous properties. No significant change in dynamic capacity was found over the entire speed range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005693120337
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of mannose oligosaccharides via reversal of the α-mannosidase reaction (1986)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 8 (1986), S. 421-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three naturally occurring isomers of the disaccharideO-α-d-mannosyl-d-mannoside were synthesized by reversing the hydrolytic activity of jack bean α-mannosidase at 75°C in a very high concentration of mannose. Higher oligosaccharides were also obtained at the later stages of the reaction. The maximum total yield of disaccharides was 37% (w/w) based on the total amount of saccharides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026746
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covalent stabilization of alginate gel for the entrapment of living whole cells (1981)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 3 (1981), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three methods were developed for preparing alginate gels containing cells that are stable in phosphate containing media. In Method I preformed alginate beads containing entrapped cells were treated with polyethyl eneimine followed by glutaraldehyde. In Method II alginate sol was treated with a carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (to form active esters), mixed with cells and extruded into calcium chloride solution. The beads were subsequently cross-linked with polyethyleneimine. In Method III alginate so] was treated with periodate (to form aldehyde groups), mixed with cells and extruded into calcium chloride solution. The beads were subsequently cross-linked with polyethyleneimine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, immobilized in such stabilized gels, exhibited almost the same fermentation activity as the standard preparation. The viability of the immobilized cells was retained during the stabilization procedure as judged from their ability to multiply in the presence of nutrients. The preparations remained stable in phosphate buffer for at least ten days without substantial release of cells. The extent of cross-linking was controlled by varying the time and the concentration of reactants, thus giving preparations ranging from beads with a thin stabilized shell to beads homogeneously stabilized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01134097
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of a NAD(H)-polymer matrix showing coenzymic function of the bound pyridine nucleotide (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 393-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To a Sepharose gel the pyridine nucleotide NAD(H) has been bound using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. In order to improve the steric availability of the nucleotide for added soluble enzymes such as dehydrogenases, a spacer molecule, ε-amino caproic acid, was inserted between the carbohydrate matrix and the nucleotide. The obtained preparation contained 56 μmoles NAD+/g dry polymer. The obtained matrix-bound NAD(H) was accepted as coenzyme by added lactate dehydrogenase. These preparations were still active after storage for several weeks at 4° C and could be used repeatedly without loss of activity. This represents the first necessary step taken in the preparation of compact closed systems consisting of “enzyme-coenzyme-coenzyme-regenerating enzyme” bound to individual polymer beads; such systems eliminate the need for continuous coenzyme addition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260130306
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of an affinity purification procedure using a thermal biosensor (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 36 (1990), S. 723-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was recovered from a solution by affinity binding to an N6-(6-aminohexyl)-AMP-Sepharose gel. An enzyme thermistor unit was employed to continously measure the activity of the unbound LDH. The enzyme activity signal from the enzyme thermistor was used in a PID controller to regulate the addition of AMP-Sepharose gel to the LDH solution. In another type of experiment, a desktop computer was utilized to control the addition of the adsorbent. Both systems worked satisfactorily, and enabled a rapid and accurate assessment of correct addition of adsorbent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260360710
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