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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interactive modelling system to assist the teaching of computer architecture
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computers and Education 8 (1984), S. 419-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-1315
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Education
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0360-1315(84)90016-2
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Designing an interactive modelling environment
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computers and Education 10 (1986), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-1315
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Education
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0360-1315(86)90057-6
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term effects of transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy on postmenopausal bone loss (1994)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 4 (1994), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone losers ; Femoral neck ; Oestrogens ; Oestrogen/progestogens ; Osteoporosis ; Transdermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is now an accepted form of treatment, but the long-term skeletal effects have not been assessed. Sixty-six early postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either transdermal HRT (continuous 17β-oestradiol 0.05 mg/day, with 0.25 mg/day of norethisterone acetate added for 14 days of each 28-day cycle) or oral HRT (continuous conjugated equine oestrogens 0.625 mg/day, with 0.15 mg/day dl-norgestrel added for 12 days of each 28-day cycle). Treatment was given for 3 years and 30 matched untreated women were studied concurrently as a control group. Bone density was measured in the lumbar spine and proximal femur by dual-photon absorptiometry at 6-monthly intervals. Bone turnover was assessed by measurement of biochemical markers. At 3 years bone density had declined by 4% in the lumbar spine and by more than 5% in the femoral neck in the untreated group. By comparison bone density increased in both treatment groups at both sites (p〈0.001 vs. untreated) and biochemical measurements indicated a significant reduction in bone turnover. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups. Twelve per cent of women on transdermal or oral treatments lost a significant amount of bone from the femoral neck by 3 years despite adequate compliance. Women taking therapy primarily for hip fracture prevention may require a follow-up bone density measurement to establish the efficacy of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622195
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in bone density in women starting hormone replacement therapy compared with those in women already established on hormone replacement therapy (1995)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 5 (1995), S. 344-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone mineral density ; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Hormone replacement therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is well established that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) will prevent postmenopausal loss of bone. However, it is not known to what extent HRT will continue to affect bone mineral density (BMD) in women established on HRT compared with those commencing treatment. We recruited 48 healthy early postmenopausal women into a prospective, comparative study. Twenty-nine women had never taken HRT (group A) whilst 19 women were already taking HRT (group B) (conjugated equine oestrogens, 0.625 mg daily; mean (±SD) years of use 2.2 (1.5) years). All of the women were started on, or switched to, micronized 17β-oestradiol (2 mg/day) continuously with dydroges-terone (10 mg/day) for the first 14 days of each cycle. BMD measurements were performed at the lumbar spine and proximal femur using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of treatment. Group A showed a significantly greater increase in lumbar spine BMD after 12 months (mean (±SD)=5.3 (4.6)%) compared with group B (mean(±SD)=2.1 (2.1)%) and 24 months of treatment (group A, mean(±SD)=6.4 (5.2)%; group B, mean (±SD)=2.3 (2.6)%; bothp〈0.01). Femoral neck and Ward's triangle BMD increased significantly in both groups but there were no significant differences between the groups. Baseline BMD correlated with change in lumbar spine BMD for women in group A after 12 months (r=−0.67,p〈0.01) and 24 months of treatment (r=−0.59,p〈0.05). These data demonstrate that HRT has the greatest effect on BMD when it is first administered, especially in those women with low BMD, but improvements may still be observed in women continuing HRT in the longer term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622256
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and comparison with dual-photon absorptiometry (1992)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 2 (1992), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) ; Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) ; Total body composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) is a well-established procedure for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). Recently, dual-energy X-ray absorptiomery (DXA) has become available, which has the ability to measure BMD both regionally and in the total body (TB). We have evaluated the in vivo and in vitro precision of a DXA instrument and compared it with a DPA instrument with similar software characteristics. The short-term precision of BMD measurements using DXA was assessed in 65 postmenopausal women who had duplicate scans performed, with repositioning between scans. Precision was 0.9% in the lumbar spine and 1.4% in the femoral neck. The midterm precision of DXA was compared with DPA by scanning 10 volunteers a mean of four times over 24 weeks, on both instruments. The precision of the bone mineral content (BMC) and area measurements was significantly better (P〈0.05) with DXA than with DPA. Long-term in vitro precision was assessed by scanning an aluminium spine phantom over 42 weeks, and a cadaveric sample over 52 weeks, on both instruments. Precision was similar using the aluminium phantom, but was significantly improved (P〈0.001) when using DXA for scanning the cadaveric sample. Highly significant correlations (allP〈0.001) of BMD, BMC and area measurements were observed when 70 volunteers were scanned on both instruments. However, there was a systematic difference in BMD values between the instruments. The precision of TB composition measurements assessed in 16 volunteers, over a 16-week period, were TB BMD 0.65%, TB lean tissue 1.47%, and TB fat tissue 2.73%. The correlation between weight measured by electronic scales and TB mass as measured by DXA, which was assessed in 70 volunteers, was excellent (r=0.99,p〈0.001). We conclude that DXA offers improvements in measuring BMD over DPA in terms of faster scanning times and improved resolution, resulting in better precision, with the additional advantage of the ability to measure TB composition with high precision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623822
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dxa longitudinal quality control: a comparison of inbuilt quality assurance, visual inspection, multi-rule shewhart charts and cusum analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 7 (1997), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone densitometry ; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) ; Quality control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The performance of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments can be monitored using various quality control (QC) procedures. It has not been established which of these is most appropriate. The aim of this study was to determine which of four QC procedures is the best to use for longitudinal monitoring. Eighteen centres with DXA instruments scanned an aluminium spine phantom weekly for up to 16 months, and the bone mineral density data were used for the QC procedures. The methods investigated were the instrument's inbuilt quality assurance (QA) procedure, visual inspection, multi-rule Shewhart control charts, and Cusum analysis using a truncated-V mask. True and false positive fractions (TPF and FPF) of each method were calculated, including those for a range of action levels for the Shewhart charts and dimensions of the Cusum mask. For Shewhart, the action levels giving the most desirable TPF and FPF were whole multiples of the standard deviation (SD). For Cusum, the most desirable mask dimensions were 3.6 SD for the total height of the vertical section and 0.9 SD per data point for the gradient of the wings. Predictive power of each method as a means of fault detection was decided by the number of faults detected out of a total of 8 non-mechanical faults subsequently diagnosed. The inbuilt QA detected 2, visual inspection 7, Shewhart chart 7 and Cusum analysis 7. The FPFs were: visual inspection 0.09, Shewhart 0.04, Cusum 0.08. At these levels of FPF, the average time in days (range) from onset of a fault to detection was 39 (6–82) for visual inspection, 39 (4–116) for Shewhart and 21 (1–49) for Cusum. All three “phantom” methods are excellent for DXA QC, with modified Cusum analysis being the most effective. The inbuilt QA appears of little use on its own for longitudinal QC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622294
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of oral pamidronate in preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women (1996)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 6 (1996), S. 480-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bisphosphonate ; Bone density ; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Osteoporosis ; Pamidronate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have performed a 2-year prospective double-masked study to determine whether the bisphosphonate pamidronate can prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women and its optimal dosage regimen. One hundred and twenty-one such women (mean ± SD age 57.6±3.4 years; mean ± SD time since menopause 7.5±3.5 years) were randomized to receive either oral pamidronate (300 mg/day) for 4 weeks every 4 months (group A), oral pamidronate (150 mg/day) for 4 weeks every 2 months (group B) or identical placebo capsules (group C). Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements at the lumbar spine and proximal femur were performed at baseline and at 6-month intervals for 2 years using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD at the lumbar spine (L2–4) increased significantly in groups A and B after 2 years of treatment (mean ± SD 2.8±2.1% and 3.0±2.9% respectively, bothp〈0.001) but decreased in the placebo group (−1.6±3.1%,p〈0.01). Identical results were seen for BMD at the femoral neck, which increased significantly in groups A and B after 2 years of treatment (1.2±2.3% and 1.3±2.9% respectively, bothp〈0.05) but decreased in the placebo group (−1.9±3.9%,p〈0.05). There were significant differences over 2 years between the groups at all anatomical sites (lumbar spine, femoral neck and trochanteric region, allp〈0.001; Ward's triangle,p〈0.01). However, there were no significant differences between groups A and B, suggesting that the two treatment regimens were equally effective in conserving BMD. There were, however, marked differences in tolerability between the two treatment regimens: 13 women (34%) in group A withdrew from the study because of side-effects, but only 5 women (12%) in group B, which was comparable with placebo. These data demonstrate that intermittent oral pamidronate will prevent bone loss from the lumbar spine and proximal femur of postmenopausal women, and that the more frequent but lower dose regimen is well tolerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01629581
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between eddy viscosity of seawater and eddy diffusivity of suspended particles (1981)
    Springer
    Geo-marine letters 1 (1981), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1157
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A method is described to calculate the relationship (β) between the eddy diffusivity of suspended particles and the eddy viscosity of the fluid. The data were obtained while making suspended sediment concentration measurements near the seabed on the British continental shelf. β was calculated for 0.50 size fractions and varies inversely with the suspended sediment concentration. The values were used successfully to calculate suspended sediment transport rates for separate sand fractions through a spring tidal cycle. Finally, specific values of β are suggested for varying concentrations of sand at a reference height of 100 cm above the seabed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462442
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for predicting vegetation distributions using decision tree analysis in a geographic information system (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental management 15 (1991), S. 59-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Vegetation ; Prediction ; Distribution ; Decision tree analysis ; Geographic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Decision tree analysis was used to predict the distribution of forest communities in an area on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. The analysis was carried out using a geographical information system environmental data base of those topographic and geological variables thought to influence the distribution of vegetation and derived from cartographic sources. The resulting maps of forest communities are of a resolution sufficient to delimit individual forest stands and contain much ecological information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393838
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supporting software quality in an integrated safety-critical systems development environment (1996)
    Springer
    Software quality journal 5 (1996), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1367
    Keywords: software quality ; safety-critical quality issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Research is described, aimed to support traceability in the design of software for safety-critical applications, through the provision of an on-line design journal enabling design decisions and actions to be traced and recorded. The design environment, within which various software design tools may be encapsulated, enables protocol between the user and the design tools to be trapped. This provides software engineering support at the conceptual design stage. An important aim of the research is to enable inferences to be made from the captured protocol, for which the application of artificial intelligence methods is being investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419775
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