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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Amino acids 17 (1999), S. 195-205 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Apis mellifera ; Drones ; Osmolarity ; Age dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the haemolymph of honeybee drones, concentrations of free amino acids were higher than in worker haemolymph, with different relative proportions of individual amino acids. The overall concentration of free amino acids reached its highest level at the 5th day after adult drone emergence, and after the 9th day only minor changes in the concentration and distribution of free amino acids were observed. This coincides with the age when drones reach sexual maturity and change their feeding behaviour. Levels of essential free amino acids were high during the first 3 days of life and thereafter decreased. Osmolarity was lowest at emergence (334 ± 41 mOsm), increased until the age of 3 days (423 ± 32mOsm) and then stayed generally constant until the 16th day of life. Only 25-day-old drones had significantly higher osmolarity (532 ± 38 mOsm). The overall change in osmolarity during a drone's lifetime was about 40%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Amino acids 13 (1997), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Apis mellifera ; Free amino acids ; DABS-Amino acids ; Haemolymph ; Age dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In honeybee workers proline was the predominant amino acid and comprised from 50% in newly emerged bees up to 80% of total amino acids from the 3rd day on. The overall concentration averaged at about 20 mM in newly emerging bees, rose to a maximum of about 25mM at the 3rd–5th day and decreased in older bees. Essential amino acids decreased by 40% during the first 3 days and thereafter stayed constant. The bulk of amino acids with a lower concentration (from traces to about 2mM) showed either no change in concentration or was higher in newly emerging bees and decreased during the lifespan of the insects. Forager bees, collected after flight, had significantly lower proline concentrations as compared to 22 day old bees collected from the colony, while the concentrations of the bulk of all other amino acids did not change significantly. There was a great variance in the concentration of all amino acids between different colonies but we could not prove dependency on relatedness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Amino acids 18 (2000), S. 157-175 
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids –Apis mellifera– Proline – Foragers – Flight metabolism – Haemolymph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The levels of proline and other amino acids in the haemolymph and other body parts of honeybee foragers were investigated by HPLC analysis. The concentrations of proline in the blood of glucose-fed or -injected bees finishing their exhaustive tethered flights on a roundabout were significantly reduced compared to bees that were fed and rested for one hour. This indicates some utilization of proline during flight metabolism. The levels of essential amino acids and of the sum of all amino acids except proline remained roughly constant, indicating that the decrease of proline did not result from a changed haemolymph volume. 14C-labelled proline was injected into bees either shortly before starting their flight or before a resting period of equal duration in an incubator at the same temperature. Bees that rested had incorporated more proline into thorax body protein, and less of the labelled substance was unrecovered ("missing") and considered to be respired or less probably defecated. If the entire amount of missing 14C-proline is regarded as exhaled, the oxidative breakdown of proline reached higher levels after flight than in rested bees. This is another hint that proline is utilized during flight. Usually the exhaled amount did not exceed 10 μg proline in half an hour of flight. Although our data indicate involvement of proline in flight metabolism, the amount metabolized is low compared to the utilization of carbohydrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 155 (1949), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verlust von Hirnsubstanz im Bereich des Hörzentrums im Schläfenlappen durch Schußverletzung verursacht keine Hörstörungen. Die Cochlearisschädigungen und ebenso die Vestibularisstörungen, welche bei dieser Lokalisation der Hirnverletzung auftreten, kommen durch allgemeine Wirkung auf das Gehirn oder Gehirnödem oder Kontusionsherde in anderweitigen Hirnpartien zustande. Schußverletzungen, welche die tieferen Partien der Hörstrahlung betreffen, haben Hörstörungen auf der Gegenseite zur Folge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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