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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemodynamics of Blood Pressure Responses During Active and Passive Coping (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 27 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This laboratory study was designed to address a number of interrelated issues regarding cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress. One objective was to extend the previous research comparing cardiovascular responses during active versus passive coping, by comparing responses to two task conditions designed to be similar in all ways except the opportunity to make a response influencing the task's outcome. A second objective was to compare responses to two different passive film tasks, which differed in outcome uncertainty and the degree of vicarious active coping achieved through identification with the role portrayed by the actors. A third objective was to evaluate whether individuals are predisposed to exhibit a particular hemodynamic pattern underlying their blood pressure adjustments, independently of the task demands imposed. Ninety healthy young adult male subjects were tested in pairs on a series of tasks that included a competitive reaction-time task, an active as well as a passive phase of a team reaction-time task, and passive viewing of two film segments. The tasks demanding active coping responses tended to raise blood pressure due primarily to an increase in cardiac output, while vascular resistance fell. During passive coping demands cardiac output increased to a lesser extent, but vascular resistance also tended to increase, thereby raising blood pressure by their synergistic effects. However, these patterns were not typical of all participating subjects. On the basis of their cardiac output and vascular resistance responses to the competitive reaction-time task, one third of the subjects were categorized as being high myocardial reactors (n=30) and another third high vascular reactors (n=31). Post-hoc analyses of responses to the other tasks, based on these categorizations, indicated that the hemodynamic basis of reactivity is an individual characteristic only partially modified by coping demands. The active/passive coping dimension is discussed both conceptually and in relation to the role of stress in the etiology of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03189.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular Response to Stress: Effects of Opportunity to Avoid, Shock Experience, and Performance Feedback (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 17 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The cardiovascular effects of three factors related to active coping were examined during an unsignaled reaction time (RT) task involving exposure to mild shocks. These factors were the opportunity to avoid shocks contingent on performance, prior experience with the shock, and the availability of performance feedback. A yoked control design was used to ensure that shocks were delivered to avoidance and no-avoidance subjects on the same schedule. All subjects initially showed substantial increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and both cardiac rate and performance, but these diminished later in the task. Subjects who could avoid shocks showed greater changes in SBP, heart rate (HR), and pulse transit time (PIT) than those passively exposed to shocks. Lack of prior experience with the shock augmented changes in HR, PTT and carotid dP/dt, but the HR increase was no longer reliable after the first 2 min when all subjects had experienced the shock. For subjects who could control the task by avoiding shocks, providing performance feedback had no effects. For no-avoidance subjects, providing feedback led to changes in SBP and PTT which were significantly greater than those shown by the subjects without feedback. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that characteristics which increase active coping efforts evoke greater sympathetically mediated cardiovascular changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00143.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social support and hostility interact to influence clinic, work, and home blood pressure in Black and White men and women (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 33 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The effects of hostility and social support support on clinic, work, and home systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were evaluated in 129 healthy adults. High hostility was related to higher SBP and DBP in Whites; low hostility was related to higher SBP and DBP in Blacks. These relationships were significant for men at home and at work and for women at screening. The relationship between low hostility and higher BP in Blacks was largely due to Black men who reported low hostility plus high anger-in (suggesting suppressed hostility). In contrast, high hostile Black men with high tangible support tended to exhibit lower BP than all other Black men. In White women, high belonging support was related to lower BP, independent of hostility, and low tangible support plus high hostility was related to higher clinic BP. In high hostile subjects, regardless of ethnicity or gender, high appraisal support was related to lower overall BP. These data suggest that the adverse BP effects of hostility and the beneficial effects of social support interact in a complex manner, reflecting contextual, ethnic, and gender specificities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01069.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a New Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor (Accutracker 102): Laboratory Comparisons With Direct Arterial Pressure, Stethoscopic Auscultatory Pressure, and Readings From a Similar Monitor (Spacelabs Model 5200) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure levels generated by a new noninvasive ambulatory monitor, the Accutracker 102, were compared in the laboratory with intra-arterial pressure levels in 12 normotensive men, and with stethoscopic auscultatory determinations in 27 normotensive and hypertensive men and women over a wide range of within-subject pressure variations. In 11 subjects, its performance was also compared with another ambulatory monitor, the Spacelabs Model 5200. Highly positive correlations with both the intra-arterial (median r=+.90 for SBP, +.92 for DBP) and the stethoscopic standards (median r=+.93 for SBP, +.88 for DBP) were obtained using Accutracker's automatic readings (digital readout), while slightly higher correlations were obtained with hand-scoring of recorded data. The Spacelabs BP monitor also yielded readings that were highly correlated with stethoscopic readings (median r=+.83 for SBP, +.77 for DBP), although in 3 of the 11 subjects the Accutracker correlations were substantially higher than the Spacelabs correlations. Despite their generally good tracking of changes in pressure, both ambulatory monitors yielded absolute values in many subjects that differed by 5 mmHg or more from stethoscopic levels. The Accutracker's SBP levels were consistently too high and its DBP levels were occasionally too low, while Spacelabs' SBP and DBP values were too high and too low with equal frequency. However, mean deviation scores for each patient calculated from 5 concurrent ambulatory monitor and stethoscopic readings were shown to yield relatively stable correction factors for use when comparison with clinical standards is desired.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00969.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular Responses to Stress: II. Relationships to Aerobic Exercise Patterns (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 24 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A sample of 174 men aged 18–22 years were divided into thirds based on self-reported levels of weekly aerobic exercise. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pre-ejection period responses of these low, moderate, and high exercise groups were compared during a pretask rest and a later acclimated rest, a bicycle exercise task, a purported shock-avoidance reaction time task, and the cold pressor test. The low exercise subjects showed higher heart rates and marginally higher diastolic blood pressures than the high exercise subjects at rest. The low exercise subjects also showed greater myocardial responses to the mild exercise task and the reaction time task than the high exercise subjects, as reflected by group differences in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and pre ejection period measures after covariance adjustment for baseline differences. Group differences observed in response to the cold pressor test were smaller and generally nonsignificant. These results were interpreted as evidence that aerobic exercise training may decrease beta-adrenergic myocardial responses to physical and behavioral challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01865.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental Hypertension and Cardiovascular Response to Stress in Healthy Young Adults (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 19 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: One indicator of elevated risk for subsequent development of essential hypertension is the presence of the disorder in either or both parents. Exaggerated cardiovascular responsivity to stress has also been suggested as a possible precursor to hypertension. This study examined the relationship between parental hypertension and the heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels of 103 healthy college-age men, during two resting conditions and stressful cold pressor and reaction time tasks. Sons of hypertensive parents (N = 25) showed higher HR and SBP than sons of normotensive parents (N = 78) during both rest and stress, but these differences were greatest during the stressful reaction time (RT) task. No reliable differences in DBP were seen. A subsample of 45 subjects, including 14 with hypertensive parents, were also monitored during a second stress, the cold pressor test; only trends toward HR or BP differences related to parental hypertension were seen for this stress, although HR and SBP differences during the RT task were still significant (p〈.05) even in this smaller group. Since the incidence of high blood pressure is known to be greater among the offspring of hypertensive parents, these findings suggest that cardiovascular responses to certain types of stress (e.g., active coping tasks) may help predict future risk of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02512.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ten-year stability of cardiovascular responses to laboratory stressors (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 34 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In this study we examined test-retest stability of cardiovascular stress responses over a decade of the life span. Participants were 55 male college undergraduates. 19 years of age at initial testing, and 29 years of age at follow-up testing Stressors were a foot cold pressor and an aversive reaction time task. Cardiovascular measures included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and preejection period. For cold pressor, the magnitude and pattern of cardiovascular responses remained unchanged at the 10-year follow-up. For the reaction time task, the characteristic cardiovascular response patterns was preserved but with significant attenuation of magnitude. The present findings are consistent with previous observations of temporal stability but over a substantially longer test-retest interval. The long-term stability of stress responses is discussed in the context of stress test methodology, behavioral response demands, and maturation of the physiological systems involved in cardiovascular response expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02130.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood pressure publication guidelines (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 33 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Blood pressure is one of the most commonly recorded functions in physiology and medicine, and it has become a major variable in recent psychophysiological and behavioral medicine research. Many methods have been developed for the measurement of blood pressure in clinical, laboratory, and natural settings. The broad objectives of this report are to summarize the most critical methodological issues in the measurement of blood pressure and to present principles and recommendations for the evaluation of blood pressure methods and findings in published studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02103.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Task Difficulty, Heart Rate Reactivity, and Cardiovascular Responses to an Appetitive Reaction Time Task (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 20 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Cardiovascular responses of 72 young men were assessed during an appetitive reaction time task where winning money incentives was either easy, difficult, or impossible. The impossible condition led to reduced responses (e.g., longer pre-ejection period (PEP) and pulse transit time (PTT) and greater falls in systolic and diastolic pressures) as well as reports of trying less hard than the easy or the difficult condition. Regardless of task difficulty, subjects showing greater heart rate (HR) increases at task onset maintained higher HR levels than low HR reactors throughout the task. Overall, these high HR reactors also showed higher SBP and shorter PEP, PTT and left ventricular ejection time than low HR reactors, although these differences were less pronounced by the end of the task. Based on their responses to various standardized inventories, high and low HR reactors did not differ in behavioral traits such as Type A, suppressed hostility, or active coping as the preferred coping style. However, a subsample of subjects with extreme scores indicating suppressed hostility (N = 12) did show elevated HR and systolic pressure during both relaxation and the appetitive task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb02158.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Relationship Among Heart Rate, Carotid dP/dt, and Blood Pressure in Humans as a Function of the Type of Stress (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 15 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In three experiments involving young adult males, beta-adrenergic influences on heart rate and carotid dP/dt were evaluated as a function of the degree of individual control over stressful events. Beta-adrenergic effects were more pronounced under conditions in which the subjects were either led to believe they had control or where some control was actually provided, i.e., a shock avoidance task. Beta-adrenergic influences were either minimal or rapidly dissipated under conditions where no control was possible, i.e., the cold pressor, a pornographic film, inescapable shocks, or conditions which provided ready mastery of the task. Where beta-adrenergic effects were maximal, systolic blood pressure was more appreciably elevated while diastolic blood pressure was less elevated than when beta-adrenergic effects were minimal. A pharmacological blocking agent (propranolol) was used in one experiment to specify the extent the various cardiovascular changes were influenced by beta-adrenergic activity. The results are discussed with respect to issues concerning stimulus parameters, blood pressure control mechanisms, individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity, and some methodological problems of the current study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01344.x
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