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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of social welfare 3 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2397
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: This paper analyses the utilization of primary health care by a population of whom 28% were not born in Sweden. The study emphasizes the impact of demography, housing and economic factors on the structure of the residential area. Households with meagre financial resources, large families and most of the immigrant population were tenants in multiple-occupancy blocks. Further, when demographic development was analysed over a decade, high turnover and a low median age were found in 2 of the multiple-occupancy areas, indicating social instability. The study revealed a process of both socioeconomic and ethnic segmentation (non-spatial segregation in a residential area). The age- and sex-standardized relative risks (RR) showed that the population in subareas consisting of multiple-occupancy housing in socially unstable areas also had an increased risk of having to visit primary health care. There were no differences in the number of visits to primary health care between people born in Sweden and those born outside Sweden (relative risk (RR) = 1.09,95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90–1.30), but those born outside Sweden more often made visits that lasted longer than 30 minutes (odds ratio (OR) = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.09–6.71).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 805 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 57 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 20 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The description of Rhynchomonas metabolita is amended on the basis of new electronmicroscopic and other evidence. The proboscis of R. metabolita is not derived from the anterior flagellum, but rather is an outward extension of the cytopharynx. Food organisms are taken up near the distal tip of the proboscis and pass through a membrane-limited lumen continuous with the permanent cytopharynx. The cytopharynx-proboscis lumen is surrounded by overlapping rows of microtubules running parallel to the long axis of the lumen; these may be involved in the accommodation of food particles that are larger than the resting diameter of the lumen. R. metabolita has 2 emergent flagella, the previously described trailing flagellum and a hitherto unreported shorter anterior flagellum that is closely associated with the proboscis; the anterior flagellum and proboscis normally beat synchronously. A paraxial rod is present in both flagella. Rhynchobodo Lackey, 1940 is probably a synonym of Rhynchomonas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 22 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Bodo curvifilus Griessmann conforms in its fine structure to the criteria proposed for the genus Bodo, including the presence of subpellicular microtubules, a single large kinetoplast-mitochondrion, emergence of the 2 heterodynamic flagella from a subapical flagellar pocket, and the presence of a paraxial rod associated with the axoneme of each flagellum. B. curvifilus possesses cytoplasmic bodies which resemble endosymbiotic bacteria. These are similar to those found in Bodo saltans. Bodo curvifilus can be distinguished ultrastructurally from Bodo caudatus and B. saltans by the presence in B. curvifilus of a hitherto unreported structure, “the microtubular prism,”consisting of a bundle of 19 microtubules. In cross section, 15 of these microtubules form a cross-linked prismatic array. This microtubular bundle originates near the flagellar pocket and extends for several micrometers into the body of the organism where it follows the periphery of the cell and the long finger-like projections of the kinetoplast-mitochondrion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 1 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Research on the neuroendocrine control of maternal behaviour has concentrated on the role of ovarian and pituitary hormones (1). It is known that the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in synchronizing mother-young interactions (2), but the possible contribution of gastrointestinal secretions to maternal behaviour has not been investigated. We show here that treatment with oestradiol benzoate (OB) in combination with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), a duodenal peptide (3), stimulates maternal behaviour within 4 h of exposure to newborn pups in ovariectomized rats. The elevated concentrations of CCK-8 which are found in the plasma of lactating rats may, therefore, contribute to the development and maintenance of mother-young interactions during lactation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 2 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The role of Cholecystokinin in the hyperphagia of lactation was studied by measuring the concentration of this hormone in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in relation to food intake in lactating rats. Cholecystokinin was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay in plasma and by radioimmunoassay in cerebrospinal fluid. Plasma concentrations of Cholecystokinin were increased in freely-fed lactating rats compared with non-lactating, regularly cycling rats. However, after 24 h of food deprivation the concentration of plasma Cholecystokinin was markedly decreased in the lactating rats to levels which were lower than those of non-lactating animals. Furthermore, plasma levels of Cholecystokinin did not increase in response to 1 h of feeding in lactating rats, whereas in non-lactating rats they did. In contrast, the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid was the same in freely-fed lactating and non-lactating rats. As in plasma, food deprivation markedly decreased the levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of lactating rats but unlike in plasma, the levels were restored by feeding. The levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity were not changed under these conditions in the non-lactating rats. These results show that there is no correlation between the concentration of Cholecystokinin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, which supports the suggestion that the cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid is derived from the brain. Removal of the litter from lactating rats deprived of food for 24 h reduced food intake and increased the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid, but not in plasma. The inhibition of food intake caused by an intraperitoneal injection of Cholecystokinin octapeptide increased after litter removal. It is suggested that hunger in the lactating rat is reflected by a decrease in the levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid and satiety by the restoration of these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 3 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Deprivation of food reduced the level of dopamine in the cerebrospinal fluid of male rats and subsequent ingestion of food or intraperitoneal injection of Cholecystokinin octapeptide restored the level. Injection of a dopamine receptor agonist (apomorphine) or Cholecystokinin octapeptide inhibited food intake and these effects were reversed by pretreatment with a dopamine receptor antagonist (cis-flupentixol). Blockade of cholecystokinin-A receptors, by treatment with L-364,718, but not cholecystokinin-B receptors, by treatment with L-365,260, blocked the inhibitory effect of Cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake but did not affect the inhibitory effect of apomorphine. It is suggested that Cholecystokinin interacts with dopamine in the control of food intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the role of central neural cholecystokinin in food intake the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity was measured by radioimmunoassay in the cerebrospinal fluid of male rats. Characterization of the molecular forms of Cholecystokinin was made by high-performance liquid chromatography before radioimmunoassay. Four molecular forms of cholecystokinin corresponding to standards of the tetra-, penta- and sulphated octapeptide and a late eluting peak probably corresponding to cholecystokinin-58 were found. The concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased in response to 48 h of food deprivation and was restored after 1 h of food intake, the main increase occurring within 30 min after the onset of feeding. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity increased in the cerebrospinal fluid 10 min after an intraperitoneal injection of 5 μg cholecystokinin octapeptide, a dose which also suppressed the amount of food consumed during 1 h in rats deprived of food for 48 h. Intraperitoneal injection of the peripheral, cholecystokinin A receptor antagonists lorglumide (450 μg) or L-364. 718 (20 μg) reversed the inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake and prevented the increase of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is suggested that central neural cholecystokinin is involved in the control of food intake and that this is reflected in the alterations in cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid which occur in response to food deprivation and food intake. However, a variety of ways of intracerebral administration of Cholecystokinin octapeptide failed to affect food intake in food-deprived rats. The possibility is raised that Cholecystokinin octapeptide acts in concert with another transmitter in the brain to affect food intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The role of Cholecystokinin in a model of hypophagia, oestradiol-treated Ovariectomized rats, was investigated. Implantation of oestradiol-filled constant-release implants in rats made obese by ovariectomy potentiated the inhibitory effect of intraperitoneal injection of Cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake after 24 h of food deprivation. The alterations in the concentration of Cholecystokinin in pjasma and of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid produced by deprivation of food for 24 h and subsequent food intake for 1 h were unaffected by the oestradiol treatment as was the amount of food consumed during 1 h. Oestradiol-treated rats deprived of food for 6 h, however, consumed less food during a 15-min test than controls. Treatment with oestradiol blunted the decrease in the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid in response to 6 h of food deprivation. No alterations in the concentration of Cholecystokinin in plasma occurred after this period of food deprivation and subsequent feeding during 15 min in either oestradiol-treated or control rats. Thus, treatment with oestradiol enhances responsivity to exogenous Cholecystokinin octapeptide and changes the response of endogenous levels of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid to a short period of food deprivation. It is suggested that these effects are caused by an action of oestradiol on Cholecystokinin pathways in the brain. The results support the suggestion that hunger in the rat is inversely related to the decrease in the concentration of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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