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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substance P and enkephalinergic synapses onto neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex of rats (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Our previous studies have demonstrated that neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the pre-Bötzinger Complex (pre-BötC), the hypothesized kernel of respiratory rhythmogenesis, receive both glutamatergic excitatory and GABAergic or glycinergic inhibitory inputs. Neuromodulators, such as substance P (SP) and opioids, play important roles in normal respiratory activity and respiratory disorders. The identification of the relationship between neurotransmitters and NK1R-ir neurons at the cellular level is essential for understanding the synaptic interaction within the pre-BötC network. Using immunofluorescence and immunogold-silver staining, we wished to exploit SP and enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactivity and their relationships with glutamate, GABA, glycine, or NK1R in the pre-BötC in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. The pre-BötC contained a substantial amount of SP-ir and ENK-ir boutons. They were largely colocalized with glutamate and much less so with GABA. Glycine immunoreactivity was rarely found in either SP-ir or ENK-ir boutons. A number of SP-ir boutons were ENK-ir as well. Synapses were commonly found between SP-ir or ENK-ir terminals and NK1R-ir neurons in the pre-BötC. Most of them were asymmetric. Symmetric synapses made up 10% of all synapses examined between SP-ir boutons and NK1R-ir neurons, and 19% of ENK/NK1R synapses. Colocalization of SP and/or ENK with glutamate in boutons in the pre-BötC implies the combined synaptic release of excitatory amino acid and neuropeptides, which may exert combined post-synaptic effects onto NK1R-ir neurons and contribute to respiratory activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03099.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between two types of vesicular glutamate transporters and neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex of rats: light and electron microscopic studies (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 17 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Our previous study demonstrated GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC), the hypothesized kernel of normal respiratory rhythmogenesis. In the present study, we aimed to identify glutamatergic synapses onto NK1R-ir pre-BötC neurons, as excitatory synaptic transmission is a prerequisite to normal respiratory rhythmogenesis. Two types of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT), VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, have been recently implicated in glutamate-mediated transmission. The present study used immunofluorescence and immunogold-silver staining to determine the relationship between the transporters and NK1R-ir neurons in the pre-BötC of adult rats. Under the confocal laser-scanning microscope, VGLUT2-ir boutons were found to be widely distributed in the pre-BötC, some of which were in close apposition to NK1R-ir somas and dendrites. VGLUT1-ir boutons were relatively rare and only a few were found to be in close apposition to NK1R-ir somas and dendrites. Electron microscopic observation revealed that approximately 41% of VGLUT2-ir terminals were in close apposition to, or made asymmetric synapses with NK1R-ir somas and dendrites in the pre-BötC. On the other hand, 50.5% of NK1R-ir dendrites were closely apposed to, or synapsed with VGLUT2-ir terminals. Occasionally, VGLUT1-ir terminals were found in close apposition to NK1R-ir somas or dendrites, but we were unable to identify synapses between them. The present findings provide the morphological basis for excitatory synaptic inputs onto NK1R-ir neurons in the pre-BötC. VGLUT2 may be involved in a dominant excitatory synaptic pathway for normal respiratory rhythmogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02418.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex of rats: light and electron microscopic studies (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) in the ventrolateral medulla is thought to be the kernel for respiratory rhythm generation. Neurons in the preBötC contain intense neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) immunoreactivity. Some of these neurons in the adult preBötC are presumed to be the pre-inspiratory interneurons that are essential for generating respiratory rhythm in the neonate. Chloride-mediated synaptic inhibition is critical for rhythmogenesis in the adult. The present study used immunofluorescence histochemistry and immunogold-silver staining to determine the inhibitory synaptic relationship between glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)- or glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2)-immunoreactive (ir) boutons and NK1R-ir neurons in the preBötC of adult rats. Under the confocal microscope, we found that GAD- and GlyT2-ir boutons were in close apposition to NK1R-ir somas and dendrites in the preBötC. Under the electron microscope, GAD- and GlyT2-ir terminals were in close apposition to NK1R-ir somas and dendrites. Symmetric synapses were identified between GAD- or GlyT2-ir terminals and NK1R-ir neurons. A total of 51.6% GAD-ir and 38.2% GlyT2-ir terminals were found to contact or make synapses with NK1R-ir profiles, respectively. GAD- and GlyT2-ir terminals synapsed not only upon NK1R-ir neurons but also upon NK1R immuno-negative neurons. NK1R-ir neurons received both symmetric (presumed inhibitory) and asymmetric (presumed excitatory) synapses. Thus, the present findings provide the morphological basis for inhibitory inputs to NK1R-ir neurons in the preBötC, consistent with the suggestion that chloride-mediated synaptic inhibition may contribute importantly to rhythm generation by controlling the membrane potential trajectory and resetting rhythmic bursting of the kernel neurons in the adult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02163.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and Photocatalytic Property of WO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 /Ti Ceramic Film via Anodic Oxidation Treatment (2008)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 368-372 (Feb. 2008), p. 1500-1502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The high efficient WO3-TiO2/Ti ceramic film was prepared on the surface of titanium by theapproach of anodic oxidation in order to make the absorbable spectrum of catalyst spread to the visibleregion and restrain the high recombination rate of electron-hole pairs during photoreaction. The surfacemorphology and the distribution of elements were studied with scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive spectroscopy. The phase composition of the films was investigated with XRD. The resultsshowed that the main components in the coating were WO3, rutile TiO2 and anatase TiO2. The compoundWO3-TiO2/Ti ceramic film enlarged the range of the reacting visible light and increased the absorbingintensity. The rhodamine B was successfully photodegraded under visible light irradiation byWO3-TiO2/Ti catalyst films. It was found that the highest degradation rate of rhodamine B was achievedthrough an optimal W dosage of 4.2 %(wt %) in WO3-TiO2/Ti ceramic film. It was also confirmed that therecombination rate of electron-hole pairs in WO3-TiO2/Ti ceramic film declined due to the existence ofWO3 in TiO2/Ti ceramic film
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/56/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.368-372.1500.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and Photocatalytic Property of Platinum-Modified TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ceramic Film Using Different Compound Techniques (2007)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 336-338 (Apr. 2007), p. 1939-1942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The anodized TiO2 ceramic film was post-treated by photoreduction and ion sputtering,respectively, to deposit platinum on the surface of the films. Surface morphology, the main elements ofthe films and platinum distribution on the film surface were investigated by scanning electron microscopyand energy dispersive spectroscopy. The phase composition of the films was examined by X-raydiffraction. The photocatalytic activity was compared through the effect of the films on photocatalytic(PC) degradation rate of the humic acid. The results showed that both films were composed of Pt5Ti3,rutile (R) TiO2 and anatase (A) TiO2, and the content of TiO2 (R) of the film prepared by photoreductionwas a little more than that of the film by ion sputtering. Compared with Pt on the Pt-TiO2 ceramic film byphotoreduction, Pt on the Pt-TiO2 film by ion sputtering dispersed more evenly and the grains were muchsmaller. Pt particulates in the film post-treated by ion sputtering were more strongly combined with thefilm than those by photoreduction. Besides, the PC degradation rate of humic acid by both Pt-TiO2 filmswere higher than that by TiO2 film, and Pt-TiO2 film by ion sputtering had higher catalytic activity andlonger using life than that by photoreduction
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/53/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.336-338.1939.pdf
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