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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001), S. 667-702 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Control of grasshoppers and locusts has traditionally relied on synthetic insecticides, and for emergency situations this is unlikely to change. However, a growing awareness of the environmental issues associated with acridid control as well as the high costs of emergency control are expanding the demand for biological control. In particular, preventive, integrated control strategies with early interventions will reduce the financial and environmental costs associated with large-scale plague treatments. The recent development of effective oil formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae spores in Africa, Australia, and Brazil opens new possibilities for environmentally safe control operations. Metarhizium biopesticide kills 70%-90% of treated locusts within 14-20 days, with no measurable impact on nontarget organisms. An integrated pest management strategy, with an emphasis on the use of Metarhizium, that incorporates rational use of chemical pesticides with biological options such as the microsporidian Nosema locustae and the hymenopteran egg parasitoids Scelio spp., has become a realistic option.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: microbial control ; locusts and grasshoppers ; entomopathogens ; predation ; feeding ; spray residue ; mortality rate ; field trials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of spray applications of a mycoinsecticide against the rice grasshopper, Hieroglyphus daganensis, in northern Benin. The experiments were designed to expand on previous evaluation studies and contribute to a better understanding of the overall impacts of mycoinsecticide applications. The first experiment showed that acquisition of spores from the spray residue had a significant effect on mortality rate and a greater single influence on mortality than direct contact with spores from the spray aerosol. The second and third experiments revealed the mycoinsecticide to have sub- and pre-lethal effects, causing a significant reduction in per capita feeding rate and increasing susceptibility to predation. The significance of these results for the overall impact of spray applications and for development of comprehensive evaluation methods are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; Metarhizium anisopliae ; Metarhizium flavoviride ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; sunlight effects ; UV-B tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of simulated sunlight on survival of conidia of 4 species of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes was investigated. Conidia from 65 isolates ofBeauveria bassiana, 23 ofMetarhizium anisopliae, 14 ofMetarhizium flavoviride and 33 isolates ofPaecilomyces fumosoroseus were irradiated by artificial sunlight (295 to 1,100 nm at an ultraviolet-B irradiance of 0.3 W m−2) for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Survival was estimated by comparing the number of colony forming units (CFU) produced by conidia exposed to irradiation to the number of CFUs produced by an unexposed control. Survival decreased with increased exposure to simulated sunlight; exposure for 2 h or more was detrimental to all isolates tested. Overall, isolates ofM. flavoviride were the most resistant to irradiation followed byB. bassiana andM. anisopliae. Conidia ofP. fumosoroseus were most susceptible. In addition to the large interspecies differences in susceptibility to irradiation, there was also an intraspecies variation indicating that strain selection to irradiation tolerance may be important in the development of microbial control agents where increased persistence in an insolated environment is desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of virology 70 (1981), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in 5 larval instars of cabbage moth,Mamestra brassicae, has been quantified using 2 methods. Numbers of polyhedra were estimated by light microscope counts while concentrations of virus protein antigen were estimated using ELISA. Virus growth was rapid initially but slowed during its later stages, although ELISA protein concentrations decreased once a peak had been reached. There was a linear correlation between polyhedral counts and virus protein during the initial growth phase. Maximum polyhedral production ranged from 2×107 (first instar) to 3.4×109 (fifth instar) and could be correlated directly to increasing larval weight. Using ELISA, virus antigen was detectable at least 24 hours before polyhedra were observed under the light microscope. Productivity ratios ranged from 83,500 in the first instar to 1352 in the fifth instar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 6 (1997), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: metarhizium ; biological control ; RAPDs ; isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between 30 strains of Metarhizium were investigated by isoenzyme analysis, PCR-RAPDs, and protease production. The strains included representatives of M. anisopliae, M. flavoviride var. flavoviride and M. flavoviride var. minus. Thirteen isolates conforming to M. flavoviride from acridoid hosts and pathogenic to locusts and grasshoppers were shown to be a single, distinctive genotype with a pan-tropical distribution. In addition, the separation of M. flavoviride var. minus as a host specific taxon distinct from European isolates of M. flavoviride was also supported. The possibility of coevolution within some insect pathogenic populations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Eichhornia crassipes ; Neochetina eichhorniae ; Neochetina bruchi biological control ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La présence de la jacinthe d'eau,Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) a été notée pour la première fois au Benin en 1977; dix ans plus tard, elle était devenue la principale mauvaise herbe aquatique flottante dans le sud est, faisant obstacle à la fois au passage des bateaux et à la pêche. Cette plante se multiplie dans les eaux constamment douces des zones marécageuses supérieures de la rivière Sô et dans les affluents de la rivière Ouémé. De ces zones, elle est transportée par le vent et les courants vers les lagunes côtières. Ces lagunes sont remplies d'eau saumâtre durant la saison sèche et les jacinthes finissent par y mourir. En 1991,Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Col.: Curculionidae) originaire d'Amérique du Sud, fut importé d'Australie au Bénin après une période de quarantaine en Grande-Bretagne. Une petite infestation du champignonBeauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes) fut éliminée de la colonie avant le lâcher, par stérilisation des oeufs et élevage d'une génération indemne de champignon. Entre la fin de 1991 et le milieu de 1993, environ 23,900N. eichhorniae étaient lâchés dans 11 localités situées le long de la rivière Ouémé et en amont de la rivière Sô. Une surveillance régulière révélait des morsures faites par les adultes en se nourrissant sur les feuilles et des mines creusées par les larves dans les pétioles sur tous les sites de lâchers. En octobre 1993,N. eichhorniae s'était dispersé jusqu'à 20 km de certains points de lâcher.Neochetina bruchi Hustache fut importé en 1992. Au total près de 5,700 charançons ont été lâchés sur 6 sites depuis le milieu de 1992. On a retrouvé des descendants dans tous les sites sauf un. En dépit de l'effet négatif du courant aquatique, du vent, de la pénétration de l'eau salée, et de la destruction des jacinthes infestées par les pêcheurs,N. eichhorniae etN. bruchi se sont acclimatés au Bénin dans un biotope typique de la côte de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.
    Notes: Abstract Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) was first reported in Bénin in 1977 and about 10 years later became the major floating water weed in the south east, obstructing boat traffic and fisheries. Water hyacinth multiplies in permanently fresh water in the swampy upper reaches of the Sô River and in tributaries of the Ouémé River. From there it is moved by wind and water flow to the coastal lagoons. The coastal lagoons are brackish during the dry season and water hyacinth eventually dies. In 1991,Neochetina eichhorniae (Warner) (Col.: Curculionidae) of South American origin was imported from Australia via quarantine in Britain to Bénin. A small infestation of the fungusBeauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Hyphomycetes) was eliminated from the colony before release by sterilizing eggs and rearing a fungus-free generation. Between late 1991 and mid 1993, about 23,900N. eichhorniae were released at 11 localities along the Ouémé River and in the head waters of the Sô River. Regular monitoring revealed feeding scars by adults on leaves and tunnelling by larvae in petioles at all release sites. By October 1993,N. eichhorniae had spread up to 20 km from some release sites.Neochetina bruchi Hustache was imported in 1992. A total of about 5,700 weevils has been released in six localities since mid 1992. Recoveries of offspring were made in all but one locality. Despite the negative impact of water flow, wind, penetration of salt water, and removal of infested water hyacinth by fishermen,N. eichhorniae andN. bruchi are established in Bénin in a situation typical for coastal West Africa.
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