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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translation of infectious bronchitis virus RNA (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 3 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb01922.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and grouping of Newcastle disease virus strains by restriction site analysis of a region from the F gene (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 141 (1996), S. 243-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 75% region of the F gene (between nucleotides 334 and 1682) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) RNA was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PCR products were cleaved by three restriction endonucleases and the positions of thirty cleavage sites were mapped in more than 200 NDV strains. Restriction site analysis established six major groups of NDV isolates and unique fingerprints of vaccine strains. Group I comprised lentogenic strains isolated mainly from waterfowl with some from chickens. “Old” (prior to 1960s) North American isolates of varying virulence including lentogenic and mesogenic vaccine strains belonged to group II. Group III included two early isolates from the Far East. Early European strains (Herts 33 and Italien) of the first panzootic (starting in the late 1920s) and their descendants with some modifications were placed into group IV. NDV strains isolated during the second panzootic of chickens (starting in the early 1960s) were classified into two groups. Group V included strains originating in imported psittacines and in epizootics of chickens at the early 1970s. Group VI comprised strains from the Middle East in the late 1960s and later isolates from Asia and Europe. Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 strains that were responsible for the third panzootic formed a distinct subgroup in group VI. Our grouping of NDV strains has confirmed group differences established by monoclonal antibodies. It is concluded that restriction site analysis of F gene PCR amplicons is a relatively fast, simple and reliable method for the differentiation and identification of NDV strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718397
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in Western Europe were caused by an old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII) (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 143 (1998), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains, isolated from outbreaks during epizootics between 1992 and 1996 in Western European countries, were compared by restriction enzyme cleavage site mapping of the fusion (F) protein gene between nucleotides 334 and 1682 and by sequence analysis between nucleotides 47 and 435. Both methods revealed that NDV strains responsible for these epizootics belong to two distinct genotypes. Strains derived from sporadic cases in Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria were classified into genotype VI [6], the same group which caused outbreaks in the Middle East and Greece in the late 1960’s and in Hungary in the early 1980’s. In contrast, viruses that caused epizootics in Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, Spain and Italy could be classified into a novel genotype (provisionally termed VII), hitherto undetected in Europe. It is possible that the genotype VII viruses originated in the Far East because they showed a high genetic similarity (97%) to NDV strains isolated from Indonesia in the late 1980’s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050267
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic induction of interferon in chicks with various NDV strains (1970)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 30 (1970), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interferon (IF) inducing ability of avirulent and virulent NDV strains stimulating in chicks early and late IFs, respectively, was differently affected on inactivation of the virus by various methods. With the avirulent strains, the IF inducing ability and infectivity are unrelated, whereas with the virulent strains they are closely related. Damage of the viral nucleic acid (UV-irradiation, inactivation with β-propiolactone) affected the IF inducing ability namely of the virulent strains, whereas damage to viral protein (trypsin treatment, neutralization by immune serum) namely that of the avirulent strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01250185
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic induction of interferon in chicks with various NDV strains (1970)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 30 (1970), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability of NDV strains to induce interferon (IF) in chicks is closely related with their virulence. Virulent strains are more potent inducers than avirulent strains. With the avirulent strains, induction of maximum IF took place uniformly at the 2nd hour, whereas with the virulent strains considerably later, at times depending on the strain. The main source of early IF inducible with the avirulent strains is the spleen. Early IF is extremely sensitive to cortisone, but it is not significantly inhibited by FPA. Pretreatment of chicks with endotoxin brought about a state of tolerance. In contrast, the appearance of late IF is less sensitive to cortisone, it is prevented by FPA, hardly influenced by splenectomy and a tolerance to it can be induced by pretreatment with homologous virus, but can not be induced with endotoxin. The mechanism of production of the two types of IF may be different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01250184
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiplication of different newcastle disease virus strains in chicken brain (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 45 (1974), S. 373-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242882
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Newcastle disease vaccine (La Sota) strain specific monoclonal antibody (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 96 (1987), S. 265-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Newcastle disease virus vaccine strain (La Sota) specific monoclonal antibody (La-1) was produced by immunizing mice with isolated glycoproteins of strain La Sota. This antibody was recognized only in the ELISA test in which it bound exclusively to La Sota strain out of a range of over 300 lentogenic, mesogenic and velogenic strains examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320966
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two novel genetic groups (VIIb and VIII) responsible for recent Newcastle disease outbreaks in Southern Africa, one (VIIb) of which reached Southern Europe (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 144 (1999), S. 2087-2099 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  34 strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated during epizootics in the Republic of South Africa and in Mozambique between 1990 and 1995, and in Bulgaria and Turkey in 1995–1997 were identified by restriction enzyme and partial sequence analysis of the fusion (F) protein gene. The majority of isolates in southern Africa and those from Bulgaria and Turkey were placed into a novel group which has been termed VIIb. Group VIIb is part of a larger genetic cluster (VII) that also includes NDV strains from the Far East and some western European countries (VIIa). The genetic distance of 7–8, 5% between genotype VIIa and VIIb viruses excludes the existence of a direct epidemiological link between recent southern African epizootics and outbreaks in either western Europe in the 1990’s or those of the Far East. Another hitherto unrecorded genotype (VIII) was also found in South Africa with descendants of putative ancestral members isolated in the 1960’s. The genetic distance of recent group VIII strains from the major epizootic genotype (VIIb) is over 11%, therefore outbreaks caused by them were epidemiologically unrelated. Genotype VIII viruses must have been maintained in South Africa by endemic infections during the past decades while group VIIb appears to be introduced more recently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050624
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polypeptide patterns of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes fall into two categories (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 61 (1979), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Molecular weights of six major polypeptides of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are: 1. 75,000; 2. 50,000; 3. 45,000; 4. 35,000; 5. 28,000 or 24,000, and 6. 22,000 dalton. According to the mobility of protein 5 the polypeptide patterns of IBV serotypes fall into two main categories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315022
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High frequency intergenomic recombination of suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1, Aujeszky's disease virus) (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 132 (1993), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examples are given of observations made with field isolates of suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) which indicate that intergenomic recombination is a common phenomenon associated with the virus. This was further confirmed by experimental co-infection of a pig with 2 virus strains with different, stable and easily identifiable genomic markers, followed by natural transmission to a group of contact pigs. A variety of recombinants was subsequently isolated, while none of the parental strains were re-isolated from any of the pigs. It is suggested that co-invasion of cells and recombination between viral genomes play a role in the life cycle of the virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309842
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