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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: low incidence of human papillomavirus DNA detected by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Histopathology 26 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Viral studies on mammalian urothelium have shown an association between the bovine papillomavirus and cancer of the bladder in cattle. However, the evidence for human papillomavirus (HPV) involvement in urinary bladder in man is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPV DNA and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, using the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 76 patients. An HPV type specific set of primers was localized on the E6-gene for HPV 16/18 DNA. The second and third set of primers were specific for HPV 6/11 DNA. A biotinylated DNA probe which recognizes HPV 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was used for in situ hybridization. Of the 76 cases investigated, PCR analysis showed positive signals in seven (9.2%) of cases–six for HPV 16 DNA, and one for HPV 16 DNA and HPV 6 DNA. Four (5.2%) were also reactive for HPV 16/18 DNA using in situ hybridization. Most transitional cell carcinomas (71.4%) associated with HPV DNA were of high pathological grade/stage. One case had koilocytosis. Our results suggest that HPV DNA in transitional cell carcinoma is probably a rare occurrence, although the finding of the high risk HPV 16 DNA may indicate a role for it in this tumour's aetiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00276.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is differentiated from urothelial carcinoma by chromogranin expression, absence of CD44 variant 6 expression, a unique pattern of cytokeratin expression, and more intense γ-enolase expression (1999)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the urinary bladder is clinically more aggressive than urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma. We have investigated the immunohistochemical markers most useful in diagnosing small cell carcinoma in bladder.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods and resultsWe evaluated the expression of chromogranin A, CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6), cytokeratin (CAM 5.2), gamma-enolase, synaptophysin, and CD45 in 46 small cell carcinomas of the bladder. Small cell and urothelial carcinoma were mixed in 21 (46%) cases. The two immunohistochemical markers with best ability to discriminate between small cell and urothelial carcinoma were chromogranin A and CD44v6. Chromogranin A had 97% specificity for small cell carcinoma, staining 65% of cases with 2+/3+ mean intensity; only one case (5%) of urothelial carcinoma was weakly (1+/3+) positive. CD44v6 was 80% specific for urothelial carcinoma, with immunoreactivity in 60% of cases, compared with 7% of small cell carcinoma cases. In cases positive for CD44v6, the mean percentage of reactive urothelial carcinoma cells was 75% (range 10–100%), greater than the 12% of cells in three cases of small cell carcinoma (P = 0.31); further, the pattern of immunoreactivity was membranous vs. focal cytoplasmic, respectively. All small cell carcinomas stained with one of the three neuroendocrine markers tested; 76% of cases were reactive for synaptophysin and 93% for gamma-enolase, with specificities of 86% and 73% in comparison to urothelial carcinoma. γ-enolase staining of small cell carcinoma was more intense (P = 0.01) than for urothelial carcinoma. Cytokeratin CAM 5.2 stained a mean 47% of cells in small cell carcinoma, always in a punctate perinuclear pattern, and 75% in urothelial carcinoma, in a membranous pattern.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsCD44v6, chromogranin A, and possibly gamma-enolase and cytokeratin (CAM 5.2) help differentiate small cell carcinoma from urothelial carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.00715.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical evaluation of urinary bladder cytology using monoclonal antibodies (1989)
    Springer
    World journal of urology 7 (1989), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 30 urinary bladder cytological specimens (urine and bladder washings) from 25 patients were reacted with a panel of 8 monoclonal antibodies predominantly derived from urinary bladder carcinoma, using avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunohistochemical methodology. The clinical and epidemiological history of each of the patients evaluated was also revewed. A relatively high degree of sensitivity and specificity in the detection of malignancy was obtained in tests of urinary bladder cytological specimens with a combination of monoclonal antibodies. A role for monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of urinary bladder cytological specimens is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637379
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