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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission electron microscopy of Terfenol-D crystals : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4650-4652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic domain and microstructure observations are presented from samples of pseudo-single-crystal Terfenol-D examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This ternary alloy is of significant technological interest since it exhibits the highest known magnetostriction to anisotropy ratio near room temperature. Specimens for TEM studies in (110), (111), and (112) orientations have also shown regions of unusual diffraction contrast in bright field which appears to be very sensitive to specimen tilt. Lorentz mode TEM has subsequently shown such regions to correspond exactly with magnetic domains. This contrast is attributed to the high magnetostrictive strain causing a local distortion of the lattice and thus a local deviation from the Bragg condition. This conclusion has been investigated and supported by TEM observations with the samples cooled below the spin reorientation temperature. When this transition is reached the diffraction contrast in bright field is considerably decreased and cannot be made to vary by tilting the specimen. The latter experiments also indicate that the change from 〈111〉 to 〈100〉 easy axis is not a well-defined one but, rather, that the spin reorientation is a sluggish change. High-resolution lattice images show the coherency of the twin boundaries. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361693
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface deformations and domains in Terfenol-D by scanning probe microscopy : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6070-6072 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper reports the first direct measurements of the deformations in the surface of a ferromagnet caused by magnetostrictive lattice strains in neighboring magnetic domains. Observations of the {011} and {112} surfaces of twinned Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2) crystals by atomic force microscopy reveal the deformation domains previously imaged by optical microscopy and predicted by recent theory. The surface topography has been imaged in the remanent and ac demagnetized states and measurements of the deformation gradients have enabled the magnetostriction constant in the 〈111〉 direction to be estimated as 1.63×10−3 to within 8%. All theoretically predicted deformation domains have been observed and, in particular, the exact compatibility of such deformations across the growth twin boundaries is clearly revealed. The magnetic domains associated with the observed deformations are inferred from magnetic force microscopy observations which yield complex contrast patterns. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362095
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy in twinned terfenol-D crystals : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)−intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7151-7153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The highly magnetostrictive cubic compound Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2) solidifies via a {211} dendritic growth front when grown by a free-standing zone technique. The resulting material is usually composed of dendritic plates often containing crystallographic twins, the predominant plate and twin plane being the (11¯1) orthogonal to the (2¯1¯1) growth plane. Results of room temperature magnetic torque analysis from (011) disk specimens, having differing twin densities, are presented which yield both the magnetic anisotropy constants, K1=−1.6×105 J/m3 and K2=−0.16×105 J/m3, and the relative parent/twin volume. Magnetic susceptibility data both parallel and transverse to the applied field are presented which, in conjunction with the anisotropy results, emphasize the importance of twin density on magnetoelastic response for typical application geometries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358526
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic force microscopy of Terfenol-D fracture surfaces : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5728-5730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic field gradient images are presented from the domain structure observed on {111}, {110}, and {112} fracture surfaces of float-zoned Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95) using silicon cantilevers coated with CoCr tips. The influence of both dendrite boundaries and growth twin boundaries on both the symmetries and spacings of the image features is clearly revealed. The effects of magnetic fields, applied in the specimen plane, are also presented. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364650
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetostriction in TbDyFe thin films : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM) intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7003-7005 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization and magnetostriction in amorphous binary TbFe and DyFe and amorphous and polycrystalline, ternary (TbxDy1−x)yFe100−y thin films have been investigated. The measurements reflect the compositional dependence of the easy direction of magnetization in the films. In plane magnetostrictions of over 300×10−6 were measured for some of the amorphous TbFe and TbDyFe films and values greater than 750×10−6 were obtained in polycrystalline TbDyFe films near to the Terfenol composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358069
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetostriction in polycrystalline sputter-deposited TbDyFe films (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5257-5261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic and microstructural investigations of some polycrystalline rare-earth—transition-metal (RE-TM) alloy thin films are reported. Emphasis was placed on pseudobinary alloys in the (TbxDy1−x)Fe2 and (TbxDy1−x)3Fe4 systems. The films were prepared by sputter deposition onto both room-temperature and high-temperature substrates. Films prepared on room-temperature substrates were amorphous and were crystallized by postdeposition annealing. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction showed and indicated a complex microstructure consisting of small grains of free iron, REFe compounds, and some RE oxide phases. Magnetization, coercivity, and magnetostriction measurements showed the films to be essentially magnetized in plane with a trend across the composition range which reflected the different influences of Tb and Dy and also the compensation condition. Magnetostriction values greater than 0.75×10−3 were found near the Terfenol composition Tb0.27Dy0.73Fe2 and for x(approximately-greater-than)0.3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355724
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear magnetization processes in twinned Terfenol-D crystals (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5712-5712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetostriction of the giant magnetostrictive cubic compound Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.9) changes discontinuously with applied magnetic field.1 Models of the magnetization processes in this material has shown that the sharp changes in magnetostriction arise from nonlinear domain magnetization reorientations.2 Measurements of the transverse magnetization in twinned crystals of Terfenol-D as a function of applied field and crystal orientation are presented from which magnetic domain populations involved in the magnetization processes are deduced. Barkhausen noise spectra provides information complementary to that obtained through magnetization measurements and as such is used to elucidate the discontinuous nature of the domain processes that lead to the sharp changes in magnetostriction in this material. The transverse ac susceptibility measurements have been obtained from bar-shaped specimens, with principle axis parallel to the growth axis 〈112〉 and have been augmented with rotating sample and torque magnetometry on {011} and {112} plane disk samples, from which Barkhausen spectra has been obtained in conjunction with anisotropy measurements. The data indicate that domain wall motion is operative even in fields approaching saturation and that intrinsic stress and wall pinning mechanisms have a significant effect on the achievable magnetoelastic strain. The critical fields associated with domain population changes have been theoretically deduced and are in excellent agreement with susceptibility and Barkhausen data. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364645
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single layer and multilayer tip coatings in magnetic force microscopy (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5166-5168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Interactions between the imaging tip and the sample in magnetic force microscopy (MFM) have been investigated by studying the magnetic microstructure of a range of epitaxial garnet films. Etched silicon cantilever probes, coated with CoPt alloy films and Co/Pt multilayers, provided a range of MFM probes for this study. Resonant torque magnetometry was used to characterize their magnetic properties. Phase change images were found to vary considerably in terms of relative "domain volumes" at the surface depending on which probe was used. Decreasing the moment of the alloy coated tips by using thinner layers reduces the "magnetizing" interaction of the tip field but also reduced the signal to noise ratio. By coating the tip with a multilayer a good signal to noise ratio could be obtained with very little interaction. Force–distance curves were used to study the response of the tips at various lift heights. The tips coated with alloy films gave a significant decrease in signal to noise ratio as the lift height increased whereas the multilayer tips maintained a signal which varied little with lift height. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369112
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interdiffusion in direct ion beam deposited isotopic Fe/Si trilayers (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 7074-7076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Interdiffusion and intermixing have been examined in Fe/Si trilayers prepared with ions of different energies, using the direct ion beam deposition technique. Isotope-pure layers were deposited and spin-polarized neutron reflectivity used to determine the role of Fe diffusion in iron silicide formation. It was found that a nonmagnetic iron silicide was formed that contained Fe from both the top and bottom layers in the trilayer, suggesting complete diffusion across the spacer region. Electron microscopy observations revealed the presence of an iron silicide phase and crystalline interface layers in films prepared with low energy ions (30 eV), while mixed and amorphous-like regions were found at higher ion energies (100 eV). © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1357151
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of defects on magnetostrictive performance in Terfenol-D (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 6286-6288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A large remanent strain has been normally observed in free-standing float zone-grown Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2 (Terfenol-D) following the application of magnetic field or compressive stress. Such a strain is considered to be composed of two parts, leading to reversible and irreversible domain contributions to the magnetostriction, in which the irreversible part corresponds to the magnetostrictive jump effect belonging to non-180° domain wall motion, and the reversible part contributes to the slower changes of magnetostriction. With no stress applied, the specimen shows a jump field of 21 and 53 Oe for 180° and non-180° domain wall motion, respectively. The jump field, distribution width and hysteresis field for non-180° domain wall motion are all increased with increasing stress, indicating complicated interactions between magnetic domains and defects. Stacking faults are found by electron microscopy to often act as domain-wall pinning centers, and scanning probe microscopy shows specific domain configurations are formed around excess rare earth, twin boundaries, and grain boundaries due to induced stresses and demagnetization effects. The influence of such interactions on magnetostrictive performance is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372681
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