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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of ultraviolet light irradiation on viral infections (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 130 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is associated with the development of cutaneous carcinomas, and with suppression of immune responses to a variety of antigens, including those of fungal, bacterial and parasitic origin, and contact sensitizers. UV irradiation also influences viral infections. It can affect viral mutation, the photolocalization of viral exanthems, viral oncogenesis, activation of viral genomes, and the suppression of immune responses to viruses. The evidence for, and mechanisms involved in, each of these categories is presented, and the effect of UV radiation on the virus-host interaction, particularly during persistent infections, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb03404.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of IgA Antibodies and Quantification of IgA Antibody-Producing Cells Specific for Ovalbumin or Trichinella spiralis in the Rat (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 28 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report describes procedures to quantify IgA responses in the rat sensitized to ovalbumin or infected with the parasite Trichinella spiralis: an ELISPOT detecting specific IgA antibody producing cells in lymph nodes, and an ELISA demonstrating IgA antibody in scrum and gut mucosal scrapings. For this purpose a mouse monoclonal anti-rat IgA antibody was produced. This IgG1-κ1 antibody recognized rat IgA but not rat IgM, IgG, or IgE. It proved very suitable in both assays. Using this reagent we could demonstrate large numbers of IgA anti-ovalbumin-producing cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes is 15.days after sensitization to ovalbumin via the Peyer's patches. At 28 days after sensitization the numbers were much lower. IgA antibody titres to ovalbumin in serum were maximal between days 14 and 21 after immunization. Maximal numbers of IgA anti-T. spiralis-producing cells were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes 12 days after infection with muscle larvae, followed by a sharp decrease at 15 days. Maximal IgA anti-T spiralis antibody titres in serum and mucus scrapings of small intestines were found on days 10 and 12 after oral infection with the parasite
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01463.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interleukin-10 is an Unequivocal Th2 Parameter in the Rat, whereas Interleukin-4 is Not * (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 52 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Exposure of Wistar rats to the immunotoxic compounds hexachlorobenzene (HCB), bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, and benzo(a)pyrene was previously found to affect mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-2R α-chain, and interferon (IFN)-γ, the prototypic Th1 cytokine. In contrast, the mRNA expression of IL-4, the prototypic Th2 cytokine, was unaffected. This latter finding suggested that the IL-4 mRNA expression may not be an unequivocal parameter for Th2 responses in the rat. In order to obtain such a parameter the present study was performed, consisting of two types of experiments. Expression and production of IL-4 as well as IL-10, a second Th2 cytokine, were measured. First, Lewis (Th1 prone) and Brown Norway (BN; Th2 prone) rats were exposed to HCB. Exposure was previously found to increase the serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, an IL-4-dependent response, in BN but not Lewis rats, and in Lewis rats to aggravate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), severity being inversely related to IL-10 levels. Secondly, BN rats were infected with Trichinella spiralis, an infection previously found to induce IL-4 production. HCB exposure did not affect IL-4 mRNA expression in either strain, while IL-4 production was decreased in Lewis and unaffected in BN rats. In Lewis rats both the mRNA expression and the production of IL-10 were decreased. The T. spiralis infection induced IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression, as well as IL-10 production. In contrast, the IL-4 production was strongly reduced. Thus, both the IL-10 mRNA expression and production correlated with the EAE development and T. spiralis infection. In HCB exposed Lewis rats and T. spiralis infected BN rats the IL-4 mRNA expression correlated with IgE levels and T. spiralis infection, respectively, whereas the IL-4 production lacked correlation in all cases. Collectively, these results suggest that IL-10 is an unequivocal Th2 parameter in the rat, whereas IL-4 is not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00804.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow dependency and off-line measurement of exhaled NO in children (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) are flow-dependent, and the choice of an optimal flow rate for off-line and on-line eNO measurement has raised much debate. Recently, a flow rate of 50 ml/s was recommended, but children younger than 5–6 years are not capable of stabilizing their expiratory flow at low flow rates. The power of off-line eNO values to discriminate between normal and atopic children was therefore evaluated at different exhalation flow rates. At flow rates of both 8.3 ml/s and of 350 ml/s, children (8–12 years) sensitive to house dust mite have two-fold higher eNO values (p 〈 0.001) as compared with children lacking such a sensitivity. The power of eNO to discriminate between normal and atopic subjects was similar at the two flow rates (no difference in AUC of receiver operation curves, p = 0.89). All children from 4.5 to 5 years of age (n = 29) could perform a single off-line exhalation manoeuvre at high (〉350 ml/s) but not at low (8.3 ml/s) flow rates. At high exhalation flow rate, eNO was 7.1 ± 2.4 (mean ± SD) median, 6.5 p.p.b. with a mean variation coefficient of 5.5%. Depending on their developmental level, about half of the younger children (35–46 months of age) could perform an off-line exhalation manoeuvre at high flow rate with good reproducibility (mean variation coefficient of 6.6%). It is concluded that an exhalation flow rate of 350 ml/s is feasible to determine off-line eNO-values in children from 3.5 years of age, and that this high flow rate does not compromise the power of eNO to detect allergic disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00035.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistent airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in Toxocara canis-infected BALB/c mice (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Infection with Toxocara canis, the roundworm of dogs, has been associated with asthmatic manifestations. Clinical symptoms such as wheezing, coughing and episodic airflow obstruction have been described for patients infected with this helminth.Objective In order to characterize the effect of T. canis infection on the lungs, we monitored immune responses, pulmonary pathology and lung function over a period of 60 days in BALB/c mice.Methods Infection was performed by a single oral administration of 1000 T. canis embryonated eggs. Airway responsiveness was measured in conscious, unrestrained mice at 7, 14, 30 and 60 days post-infection (p.i.).Results Infection of mice resulted in airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) that persisted up to 30 days p.i. Pulmonary inflammation as well as increased levels of IgE and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) persisted up to 60 days p.i. Cytokine analysis in BAL indicated increased levels of IL-5 at day 7 and 14 p.i., whereas the levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 did not differ from those of uninfected controls. Toxocara-specific stimulation of spleen cells using recombinant TES-70 protein resulted in the induction of IL-5 at day 7 and 14 p.i. and IL-10 at day 14 p.i. Production of all other cytokines did not differ from that of uninfected controls. Evaluation of larval burden revealed that T. canis was still present in the lungs of infected mice at 60 days p.i.Conclusion The presence of Toxocara larva in the lungs at 60 days p.i. following a single infection could explain the persistent pulmonary inflammation, airway hyper-reactivity, eosinophilia and increased IgE production observed in T. canis-infected BALB/c mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02250.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycobacterium vaccae administration during allergen sensitization or challenge suppresses asthmatic features (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background and objective  The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a lack of bacterial infections would favour the development of allergic disease. For this reason, bacteria or their components can be used as potential treatment for allergic asthma. We investigated whether heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae is either able to suppress the induction of allergic asthma or able to suppress already established allergic asthma.Methods  Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA)/alum on days 0 and 14. Thereafter, mice were challenged on days 35, 39 and 42 by inhalation of either OVA or saline aerosols. M. vaccae-treated mice received an injection with 106, 107 or 108 CFU heat-killed M. vaccae on days 0 and 14 or 107 CFU on days 35 and 39. On day 43, the airway responsiveness of the mice to increasing concentrations of methacholine was assessed, blood was withdrawn to measure serum parameters, and lung lavage was performed to detect cytokines and inflammatory cell number.Results  Treatment of OVA-sensitized mice with 107 CFU M. vaccae either during sensitization or challenge suppresses airway hyper-responsiveness, airway eosinophilia and IL-5 production after OVA challenge. The increases in OVA-specific serum IgE and in IL-4 by respiratory challenges with OVA were only diminished after M. vaccae treatment (107 CFU) during sensitization.Conclusions  Heat-killed M. vaccae prevents allergic and asthmatic manifestations in a mouse model and, more importantly, M. vaccae treatment during challenge suppresses features of asthma, which opens up possibilities for new therapeutic interventions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01727.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and allergic sensitization in a random sample of school children (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as novel a non-invasive marker of airway inflammation.Objective The level of exhaled NO was determined in a random sample of school children (7–12 years old) with the aim of investigating the relationship between exhaled NO and sensitization to common allergens.Results In the 450 children tested by skin prick tests (SPT), the prevalence of sensitization was 29.5% (overall), 21.9% (sensitization to indoor allergens), and 15.0% (sensitization to outdoor allergens). Regression analysis showed that levels of exhaled nitric oxide were closely associated with various measures of sensitization to aeroallergens. Sensitization to indoor allergens was associated with higher levels of exhaled NO (eNO) than sensitization to outdoor allergens when assessed by IgE but not when assessed by SPT. Children with reported wheeze in the past 12 months had much stronger associations between sensitization and eNO than children without wheeze.Conclusion We conclude that allergic sensitization is strongly associated with increased levels of exhaled NO, especially in children with wheeze.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01597.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing approaches to assess immunotoxicity of chemicals (1996)
    Springer
    Comparative clinical pathology 6 (1996), S. 167-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2981
    Keywords: Guidelines ; Host resistance ; Immunotoxicity ; Screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Direct toxicity of chemicals for components of the immune system may lead to altered host defence to infectious diseases. For this reason, it is important to screen for potential immunotoxicity. Screening can be best performed within the context of general toxicity screening, such as short term toxicity tests, subchronic toxicity testing, chronic toxicity testing or reproductive testing. General parameters of the immune system are useful to identify potential immunotoxicity. Confirmatory and more in depth information can be retrieved from functional studies. Such studies may include host infection models that have been proven to be very valuable for the process of risk evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368461
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host macrophages are involved in systemic adoptive immunity against tumors (1982)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 488-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The positive systemic therapeutic results obtained with adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells could not be reproduced in macrophage depleted mice. Thus, host macrophages are involved in systemic adoptive immunity against tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952654
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surgical approaches to thoracic disc herniations (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 111 (1991), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Thoracic disc herniation ; magnetic resonance imaging ; transpedicular-transfacetal approach ; transthoracic-transpleural approach ; posterolateral-extrapleural approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Early diagnosis of thoracic disc herniations has become more common with the advent of spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This early diagnosis combined with choosing the optimal surgical approach, to ensure adequate decompression without excessive cord and root manipulation, will achieve the optimum results. It is now clear that more lateral and anterior approaches to the thoracic spine are required to achieve this goal. We report our experience in the operative management of 21 patients with thoracic disc herniation using three different surgical approaches: transpedicular-transfacetal, posterolateral-extrapleural (costotransversectomy) and transthoracic-transpleural. The clinical and radiologic findings and results in all of our cases are reviewed as are the technique of and indication for each of the three surgical approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402509
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