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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence and epidemiology of unsuspected onychomycosis in patients visiting dermatologists' offices in Ontario, Canada - a multicenter survey of 2001 patients (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of dermatology 36 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-4632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Questionnaire studies have been used to determine the prevalence of onychomycosis in the United Kingdom and Europe. One disadvantage of this methodology is that the patient self-diagnoses the onychomycosis. There have been very few large studies involving clinical examination of the nails of subjects, followed by mycological confirmation of the onychomycosis. We therefore determined the prevalence of onychomycosis in patients visiting dermatologists' offices in Ontario, Canada. Methods In a prospective, multicenter study, the finger- and toenails of all new patients presenting to dermatologists' offices were examined by a board-certified dermatologist. If there was clinical suspicion of onychomycosis, then nail samples were obtained for mycoiogical examination at a central laboratory. Patients referred specifically for the management of onychomycosis were excluded. Results Toenails appeared abnormal in 455 (22.7%) of 2001 patients. Mycologically-confirmed pedal onychomycosis was present in 182 (9.1%) of the 2001 patients. The estimated value of the prevalence of onychomycosis in Ontario is 6.86% (95% confidence interval (Cl): 5.8–8.0%), when corrected for age and sex of the general population using census data. Onychomycosis increased with age (P 〈 0.0001). The odds of males having onychomycosis was 84.3% greater than females of the same age (P= 0.0003). The distribution of organisms in the 141 patients with pedal onychomycosis who were culture positive was: dermatophytes 131 (92.9%), Candida species 4 (2.8%) and non-dermatophyte molds 6 (4.3%). Conclusions The prevalence of mycologically-confirmed toenail onychomycosis was 9.1%, with the estimated prevalence in Ontario being 6.86%. The majority of patients with abnormal-appearing nails were unaware they might have onychomycosis, that it is infectious and potentially treatable, suggesting that there is potential for increased public awareness and education.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00349.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of pimecrolimus cream 1% (Elidel®) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants and children: the effects of ethnic origin and baseline disease severity on treatment outcome (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of dermatology 44 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-4632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  Pimecrolimus cream 1%, a cell-selective inhibitor of inflammatory cytokines, has been shown to be effective in treating atopic dermatitis (AD). This report examines the effect of ethnic origin and baseline disease severity on treatment outcomes in pediatric patients with AD treated with pimecrolimus cream 1%.Methods  The analysis included 589 patients aged 3 months to 17 years from three 6-week, randomized, multicenter studies of similar design. Patients were treated with pimecrolimus cream 1% or vehicle twice daily. Efficacy, safety and tolerability in Caucasian and non-Caucasian groups were compared. In addition, the effect of baseline disease severity on treatment outcome was investigated.Results  A total of 321 Caucasian and 268 non-Caucasian patients [Blacks, Asians and others (including Hispanics)] with mild, moderate or severe disease at baseline were included. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the pimecrolimus and vehicle control groups and between Caucasian and non-Caucasian groups. Significantly higher efficacy [measured by Investigators’ Global Assessment and Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores] was achieved in the pimecrolimus-treated group, compared with the vehicle group, irrespective of ethnic origin. Baseline disease severity had no effect on treatment outcome: patients with both mild and moderate AD responded well to pimecrolimus (absolute change from baseline in EASI score −2.60 and −5.48, respectively; both P 〈 0.001). Pimecrolimus cream 1% was safe and well tolerated in all ethnic groups and at all levels of disease severity.Conclusions  Ethnic origin and baseline disease severity had no effect on treatment outcome with pimecrolimus cream 1% in patients with AD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02234.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical staining of macrophages in the skin lesions of leprosy: the role of antibody to mycobacteria in human serum and various polyclonal immune rabbit antisera (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 17 (1985), S. 1009-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical staining of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy skin lesions was performed using various rabbit antisera. Macrophages in both stained with serum containing antibodies against lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin, while macrophages in lepromatous leprosy also reacted with other antibodies. An immunoglobulin fraction of positive serum stained following pepsin digestion, indicating that reactivity was not Fc dependent. Positive serum contained antibody againstMycobacterium butyricum, which caused macrophage staining, since affinity-purified antibody did not stain and absorption withM. butyricum removed staining. Staining was also produced by serum of subjects with leprosy or a positive tuberculin test. By immunoblotting, the anti-mycobacterial antibody was directed against surface components ofM. butyricum of molecular weights 20 000–70 000. Electron microscopy showedM. leprae in phagolysosomes of macrophages, while immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated labelling along bacterial cell membranes. Therefore, macrophages in lepromatous leprosy skin lesions stain because they containM. leprae, which reacts with antibody to eitherM. leprae, M. tuberculosis or atypical mycobacteria in human serum and with antibody toM. butyricum in serum from rabbits immunized with various antigens and Freund's complete adjuvant. These results indicate that immunohistochemical studies on leprosy are misleading if performed using intact polyclonal immune sera rather than affinity purified or monoclonal antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417949
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