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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Adolescent Outcomes of Adoption: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 36 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The childhood history and adolescent adjustment of children placed in adoptive, biological two parent and single parent families were examined in a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children studied to the age of 16 years. This study suggested that children who entered adoptive families were advantaged throughout childhood in a number of areas including childhood experiences, standards of health care, family material conditions, family stability and mother/child interaction. However, the environmental advantages experienced by children who entered adoptive families were not directly reflected in the pattern of adolescent adjustment of this group. In particular, children placed in adoptive families had rates of externalising behaviours (including conduct disorders, juvenile offending and substance use behaviours) that were significantly higher than children reared in biological two parent families but somewhat lower than those of children who entered single parent families at birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb02316.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Conduct Disorder and Attention Deficit in Middle Childhood on Offending and Scholastic Ability at Age 13 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 34 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours in middle childhood (6, 8 and 10 years) and juvenile offending and academic achievement were examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. The application of structural equation modelling methods suggested that early behavioural tendencies are related to later developmental outcomes by two highly correlated but distinct developmental progressions. In the first such progression, early conduct disorder behaviours acted as a precursor of future offending patterns but these behaviours were unrelated to later school performance when the correlation between conduct disorder and attention deficit was taken into account. In the second developmental progression early attentional/cognitive behaviours were related to future school performance but were unrelated to the development of antisocial behaviours when the correlations between conduct disorder and cognitive/attentional variables were taken into account. The implications of these findings for validating the distinction between conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours is discussed and the problems of analysing and explaining the high comorbidity between conduct disorder and attention deficit behaviours are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01097.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early Dentine Lead Levels and Subsequent Cognitive and Behavioural Development (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 34 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract While a number of studies have reported associations between lead levels and cognitive development and behaviour in cross-sectionally studied child samples, there have been relatively few studies of the long term effects of early lead exposure. This issue was studied in a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children who were assessed with respect to: (a) dentine lead levels at ages 6–8 years; (b) cognitive and behavioural outcomes at 12, 13 years: (c) various confounding factors. The results of the analysis show: (a) the presence of small but consistent bivariate associations (ranging in absolute size from r=.08 to.20) between early lead levels and later school performance and behaviour; (b) after adjustment fur both errors of measurement in test scores and lead levels and adjustment for confounding factors these correlations reduced to between 07 and 14. Nonetheless these correlations remained statistically significant. The evidence is consistent with the view that early mildly elevated lead levels are associated with small but relatively long term deficits in cognitive ability and attentional behaviours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb00980.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Origins of the Correlations between Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use During Adolescence (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 39 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Methods of structural equation modelling were used to analyse the correlations between reports of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied to the age of 16. This analysis produced three major conclusions: (a) the correlations between tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use could be explained by a factor representing the individual's vulnerability to substance use; (b) predictors of vulnerability to substance use were the extent to which the individual affiliated with delinquent or substance using peers, novelty seeking, and parental illicit drug use; (c) in the region of 54% of the correlations between substance use behaviours could be predicted from observed risk factors and 46% was attributable to non-observed sources of vulnerability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00402
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early Reading Difficulties and Later Conduct Problems (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 38 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The relationships between early reading difficulties and later conduct problems were examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied from the point of school entry to the age of 16. Children with early reading difficulties had increased rates of conduct problems up to the age of 16 years. These associations depended on context, being more evident for boys and tending to reduce with increasing age. However, the associations between early reading difficulties and later conduct problems were explained by the fact that children with early reading difficulties tended to be characterised by a number of disadvantageous features (and notably early-onset conduct problems) that were present before the onset of reading difficulties. When the associations between reading difficulties and conduct problems were adjusted for confounding factors there were no statistically significant associations between reading difficulties and conduct problems. These results were found to hold for various age and gender subgroups of the sample, for measures of reading difficulties defined in different ways, and for a wide range of outcome variables. It is concluded that, when due allowance is made for potentially confounding factors (and notably early conduct problems) and for factors correlated with these problems, it is unlikely that reading difficulties in early childhood are related to later conduct problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01609.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attentional Difficulties in Middle Childhood and Psychosocial Outcomes in Young Adulthood (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 38 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The associations between (dimensionally scored) measures of attentional difficulties at age 8 and psychosocial outcomes at age 18 were examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. Increasing attentional difficulties during middle childhood were associated with increased risks of academic failure or difficulties, juvenile offending, and substance use behaviours in young adulthood. However, those with early attentional difficulties were a high-risk group characterised by social disadvantages, early conduct difficulties, lower 1Q, and related characteristics. Statistical adjustments showed: (a) that attentional difficulties were related to later academic success even when due allowance was made for potentially confounding factors; and (b) early attentional difficulties were unrelated to later juvenile offending or substance use behaviours after adjustment for confounding. In all cases there was evidence of consistent dose/response relationships between the extent of early attentional difficulties and later academic outcomes, suggesting that these associations were not confined to those with extreme symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01690.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early Dentine Lead Levels and Educational Outcomes at 18 Years (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 38 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The associations between early dentine lead levels measured at the age of 6–8 years and educational outcomes measured at IS years were examined in a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children. Analyses showed significant (p 〉 .005) dose/response relationships between early dentine lead levels and later outcomes: at age 18 children with early elevated lead levels had poorer reading abilities, had more often left school early, had more often left school without qualifications, and had lower levels of success in school examinations. These associations persisted after Statistical control for a range of social and familial confounding factors. A number of potential threats to the validity of the findings are examined, including sample selection bias, statistical undercontrol of covariates, and errors of measurement. It is concluded that the findings are consistent with the view that early mildly elevated lead levels have modest but delectable effects on individual achievement, with these effects extending to late adolescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01532.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A longitudinal study of the effects of adolescent cannabis use on high school completion (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Objective  To examine the extent to which weekly cannabis use during mid-adolescence may increase the risk of early school-leaving.Setting  A prospective study of a general population sample of adolescents studied from ages 15–21 years in Melbourne, Australia.Method  Computer-assisted self-completion questionnaires and telephone interviews conducted in six waves at ages 15–18 and again at age 21 in a sample of 1601 male and female school students.Results  Weekly cannabis use, assessed prospectively, was associated with significantly increased risk of early school-leaving. This effect remained after adjustment for a range of prospectively assessed covariates including demographic characteristics, other substance use, psychiatric morbidity and antisocial behavior. There was suggestive evidence of an interaction between weekly cannabis use and age with the effects of weekly cannabis use on early school-leaving being strongest at the youngest ages and diminishing progressively with age.Conclusions  Early regular cannabis use (weekly use at age 15) is associated with increased risk of early school-leaving. These effects of regular cannabis use may diminish with increasing age and are likely to operate through the social context within which cannabis is used and obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00356.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heroin overdose: causes and consequences (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Over the past decade fatal opioid overdose has emerged as a major public health issue internationally. This paper examines the risk factors for overdose from a biomedical perspective. While significant risk factors for opioid overdose fatality are well recognized, the mechanism of fatal overdose remains unclear. Losses of tolerance and concomitant use of alcohol and other CNS depressants clearly play a major role in fatality; howeve, such risk factors do not account for the strong age and gender patterns observed consistently among victims of overdose. There is evidence that systemic disease may be more prevalent in users at greatest risk of overdose. We hypothesize that pulmonary and hepatic dysfunction resulting from such disease may increase susceptibility to both fatal and non-fatal overdose. Sequelae of non-fatal overdose are recognized in the clinical literature but few epidemiological data exist describing the burden of morbidity arising from such sequelae. The potential for overdose to cause persisting morbidity is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96811135.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and substance use disorders: is there a causal link? (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by restless, inattentive and hyperactive behaviours, is a relatively common childhood disorder that affects approximately 5% of the general population. There has been controversy about whether ADHD increases risks of developing substance use disorders. The available evidence suggests that, in the absence of conduct disorder, ADHD is not associated with an increased risk of substance use problems in males. There is only limited evidence on the role of ADHD in the aetiology of substance use disorders among females. While ADHD has traditionally been considered as a childhood disorder, it may also occur in adults; research needs to examine the extent to which ADHD in adulthood increases the risk of substance use disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9668153.x
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