ISSN:
1570-7458
Source:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Topics:
Biology
Description / Table of Contents:
Summary Using the adult size (length, weight, frontal projection of surface) of young virginoparous bean aphids as a parameter for antibiotic effects of the host plant, detailed knowledge is wanted of postembryonic growth reactions of the aphids to different environmental factors. On the same food material daughters of small mothers grow bigger, those of big ones smaller than their mothers, but they still differ significantly from each other. Direction and scope of the size modification between two generations depend on the nutritional difference of the substratum on which mothers and daughters develop. On a substratum of high value and with 20°, big mothers produce nearly two-thirds of their total offspring during the first week and another third in the second week, while the small ones begin only with a quarter. But then they recover with 40% in the second and a quarter in the third week and so they finally reach 84% of the total production of big mothers, though with a retardation of one week. Also the quantitative proportions of embryogenesis during pro- and postmetamorphic development and therefore the sequence of births are results of the nutritional situation during the larval and imaginal stages, respectively, of the virginoparae. Whereas with rising temperature the developmental speed increases in the usual manner —with the minimum at 5° and the maximum not much above 30° —, growth is already optimal at 14–15° and decreases promptly with temperatures above the optimum. Obviously with temperatures too high or too low the surplus of high energy material (amino acids) necessary for growth processes is consumed by the maintenance metabolism or blocked under these conditions. Aphis fabae-virginoparae grown on leaf discs floating upside down on tap water develop into smaller adults as diameters (22–16–10.5 mm) decrease or population density (2, 6 or 20 larvae on 200 mm2 leaf disc each) increases (differences significant at the 0,1% level). While on leaves in situ such differences do not prove significant, young virginoparae grow the bigger, the more the leaf area increased relatively during their larval development. Therefore the differences in the antibiotic aphid resistance of young Rastatt and Schlanstedt field bean plants of the same age may be reduced to a difference in phase of the growth of their leaves. On leaf discs of different age the biggest adults develop on discs from mature assimilating foliage, which after isolation may evidently mobilize more protein reserves than younger or older ones, probably as the young leaf itself yet depends on an influx of amino acids, and the old leaf already is more or less exhausted of them. Bean aphids developing on normal intact, detached, or detached and re-rooted primary leaves of the susceptible field bean “Schlanstedter” show nearly no significant differences in adult size, but on corresponding leaves of the resistant “Rastatter” they react with increased and decreased growth respectively (in comparison with their normal diminished size). The Schlanstedt field beans provide an uniform and equivalent feeding basis for the growth of black bean aphids during nearly all stages of their physiological development. They represent a main host (host of class I in the sense of Mosbacher These are plants, which are suitable hosts for an aphids in any of their physiological stages, whereas host plants of class II being so only in a distinct phase (growth or senescence) of development. ). The Rastatt field beans on the other hand are secondary hosts (hosts of class II), which guarantee a sufficient promotion of aphid growth (in the sense of Kennedy et al.) only in stages of an increased mobility of soluble protein elements in growing or senescent organs.
Notes:
Zusammenfassung Unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Größe ungeflügelter virginoparer Bohnenläuse, Aphis fabae Scop., ein besser geeigneter Parameter für antibiotische Wirkungen ihrer Wirtspflanzen sein dürfte als ihre Tochterproduktion oder Lebensdauer, werden die Faktoren untersucht, welche das larvale Wachstum beeinflussen könnten. Die Größe der Imagines sowie Umfang und Sequenz ihrer Nachkommenproduktion stehen in enger Beziehung zu den Ernährungsverhältnissen, unter denen die Mütter während ihrer Larval- und Imaginalphase leben. Die Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit nimmt von 5° bis 30° — immer langsamer — zu, das Wachstum aber nur bis 14°; höhere Temperaturen ergeben zunehmend wieder kleinere Imagines. Die Imaginalgröße, die von Läusen auf ausgestanzten Blattscheiben erreicht wird, vermindert sich mit sinkendem Durchmesser bzw. bei ansteigender Populationsdichte. Auf wachsenden Blättern (in situ) entstehen um so größere Imagines, je größer der prozentuale Zuwachs der Blattfläche während der Postembryonalentwicklung ist. Abschneiden und Bewurzeln von Primärblättern beeinflussen die Größe der auf ihnen aufgezogenen Bohnenläuse bei der Ackerbohnensorte Schlanstedter fast nicht, während sie auf Rastatter größere bzw. wieder so kleine Adulte ergeben wie an intakten Pflanzen. Als Ursache aller dieser Wachstumsreaktionen der Bohnenläuse wird die Wüchsigkeit, speziell die Höhe des Aminosäurespiegels im Substrat, angesehen. Die ökologischen Folgen für den Wirtswechsel und die Resistenzerscheinungen werden diskutiert.
Type of Medium:
Electronic Resource
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341158
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