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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Philadelphia, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The German quarterly. 24 (1951:Jan/Nov.) 177 
    ISSN: 0016-8831
    Topics: German, Dutch and Scandinavian Studies
    Notes: Contributors and Aritcles
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydroids ; Pattern formation ; Metamorphosis ; Morphogens ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1) Polar pattern formation and morphogenesis during metamorphosis ofHydractinia echinata are pre-programmed by the spatial distribution of morphogenetic potencies along the body axis of the planula larva. This prepattern becomes manifest when parts of larvae are brought to metamorphosis immediately after isolation. The anterior region forms only stolons, the posterior only a head. The middle region can develop stolons as well as heads. The potencies for head and stolon formation establish gradients with opposite directions. 2) The origin of this pattern during embryogenesis and its expression in the course of metamorphosis can be influenced by chemical stimuli. Two alternative effects can be obtained: activation of head formation at the expense of stolonal growth (=oralization); hyperdevelopment of stolon tissue at the expense of head structures (=aboralization). 3) Caesium ions temporarily applied during cleavage result in larvae which complete metamorphosis with symptoms of aboralization. Cs+ ions applied during early metamorphosis (disc stage) exert an oralizing influence. The sensitive periods coincide with phases of high Na+−K+-ATPase activity. Ouabain abolishes the morphogenetic action of Cs+. 4) Strong symptoms of oralization or aboralization can also be evoked by exposing disc stages to neuropharmacological agents. Acetylcholine (carbachol) brings about oralization; serotonin causes aboralization. 5) In planulae a substance can already be traced which corresponds to the neurosecretory head activator known from adult organisms. Along with initiation of metamorphosis, head activator activity rises steeply and already approaches its final level in early metamorphosis. Activities extracted from metamorphosing larvae or various adult Cnidaria when applied to disc stages promote head formation without affecting stolonal growth. Dose response curves display optimum peaks. 6) The significance of pre-programming and of neuroid functions in polarized patterning are discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 169 (1972), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Planulae vonHydractinia, deren Metamorphose normalerweise durch bestimmte marine Bakterien induziert wird, wandeln sich ebenso in Primärpolypen um, wenn sie einem Li+-Puls ausgesetzt werden. Zur schnellen, vollzähligen und vollständigen Metamorphose müssen Konzentration und Behandlungszeit im optimalen Verhältnis gehalten werden. Als optimal erwies sich eine Dosis von 24 mM Li+ appliziert für 2 Std. Eine schwache Wirkung erzielt auch ein K+-Puls in der optimalen Konzentration von 96 mM. Die mögliche gemeinsame Wirkungsweise des bakteriellen Induktors und der Ionen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The planulae ofHydractinia, the metamorphosis of which normally is induced by certain bacteria, will undergo transformation into polyps also when exposed to a lithiumpulse. The optimal concentration and incubation period for rapid and complete transformation have been determined at 24 mM Li+ and 2 hrs respectively. 96 mM K+ applied for 2 hrs will also result in some induction. The possible mode of action exerted by the Li-ion as compared with induction caused by bacteria is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 173 (1973), S. 107-121 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Metamorphose der Planulae vonHydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa) wird durch bestimmte marine, gramnegative Bakterien ausgelöst, die gegen Ende des exponentiellen Wachstums ein stimulierendes Prinzip freisetzen. 2. Der Reiz wird nur von stationären Zellen nach Anzucht bei niederer Populationsdichte (bis zu 107 Zellen/ml) in einem geeigneten Medium (z.B. Fleischextrakt) abgegeben. Übertragung der Mikroben in Nährstoff-freies Seewasser erhöht ihre Induktionskapazität. 3. Die Konzentration des Induktors übertrifft normalerweise den Schwellenwert nur in der engsten Umgebung lebender Bakterien. Nur wenn die Mikroben durch einen plötzlichen Abfall des osmotischen Drucks geschockt werden, hinterlassen sie im filtrierten Medium nachweisbare Spuren. 4. Entsprechend kann das Agens durch ein osmotisches Schockverfahren, das die Mikroben am Leben läßt, angereichert und isoliert werden. Der Induktor gehört zu einer Kategorie mikrobieller Substanzen, die unter dem Begriff “leakage” -Produkte zusammengefaßt werden. 5. Das aktive Prinzip kann aus der leakage-Lösung mit Aceton gefällt und mit Chloroform extrahiert werden. Es scheint ein instabiles, nicht-dialysierbares, polares Lipid zu sein. 6. Um eine vollzählige und vollständige Metamorphose zu erzielen, muß der isolierte Induktor in Art eines Pulses appliziert werden. Nimmt man den Beginn der Metamorphose als Maß der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, zeigen die Dosis-Wirkungskurven einen Michaelisartigen Sättigungsverlauf. Bei kurzen Pulsen ergeben die Prozentsätze induzierter Metamorphosen ebenfalls eine Sättigungskurve. Dies deutet die Beteiligung eines Enzyms oder Carrier-systems bei der larvalen Reaktion an. 7. Der induzierende Effekt wird durch gleichzeitige Applikation von Ouabain gehemmt. Umgekehrt kann eine hohe Dosis an leakage-Material den Ouabainhlock überrollen. Die Primärwirkung des Induktors kann somit als Stimulation des aktiven Kationentransports, speziell als Stimulation der Na+/K+-ATPase interpretiert werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. The metamorphosis of the planulae ofHydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa) is induced by certain marine, gramnegative bacteria which at the end of the exponential growth release a stimulating principle. 2. The stimulus is liberated by stationary cells previously cultivated at low population densities (up to 107 cells/ml) in a proper medium (e.g. extract of meat). Transfer into seawater lacking nutritive sources enhances the inductive capacity. 3. The concentration of the inducing agent normally surpasses the threshold level only in the close microenvironment of living cells. But when shocked by a drop in the osmotic pressure the bacteria discharge increased amounts which become traceable in the filtered cell-free medium. 4. Thus the inducer can be accumulated and isolated by a process of osmotic shock which does not affect the viability of the microbes. The principle belongs to a category of microbial substances which are subsumed under the comprehensive term „leakage“-products. 5. The active principle can be precipitated from the leakage solution with acetone and extracted with chloroform. The inducer seems to be an unstable, nondialyzable, polar lipid. 6. In order to evoke complete metamorphosis the isolated agent must be applied in a pulse-like fashion. Using the onset of metamorphosis as criterion for the velocity of reaction the dose-response curves display Michaelis-like saturation kinetics. At short pulses the percentages of induced metamorphoses yield a saturation curve as well. This indicates that an enzyme or carrier-system is involved in the larval response. 7. The inducing effect of the bacterial principle is antagonized by ouabain. Conversely, high doses of the isolated leakage material abolish the ouabain inhibition. The primary effect of the inducer, therefore, can be interpreted as stimulation of the active cation transport, especially of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 56-63 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Developmental Field ; Inhibitory Gradient ; Hydrozoa ; Stolon Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An inhibitory field which emanates from the mobile tips of elongating stolons of colonial hydroids has been identified and analyzed. It extends proximally with decreasing intensity for about 400–700 μm and ensures that branching sites occur at appropriate distances along the stolon. The local strengths of inhibition within the field have been measured with a new method which permits high temporal and spatial resolution. Kinetic studies reveal three characteristics. First, inhibition decays rather rapidly after removal of its source. The half life is about 30 min. Second, loss of inhibition immediately triggers initiation of future tip formation. Third, restoration and spreading of inhibition are slow processes which take 8–24 h to recover 90% of the original inhibitory levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 173 (1973), S. 122-135 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Metamorphose Planulae vonHydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa) wird durch eine pulsförmige (2–3 Std) Applikation der Ionen von Caesium, Rubidium, Lithium und Kalium ausgelöst. Mit Mischungen von Seewasser mit isoosmolaren Lösungen der Chloride dieser Ionen zeigen die Dosis-Wirkungskurven für K+, Rb+ und Li+ einen Optimumsverlauf. Dabei hat K+ den schmalsten Wirkungsbereich. Die Wirkungskurve von Cs+ ist sigmoid. Die halbmaximalen Dosen liegen bei 6 mval Cs+, 50 mval Rb+, 80 mval Li+ und 130 mval K+. 2. Eine K+-Stimulation ist ein Ouabain-insensitiver, vom Gibbs-Donnan-Verhältnis beherrschter Vorgang. Werden Lösungen appliziert, die nur K+, Ca++ und Saccharose enthalten, ist die optimale Wirkung stets einem invariablen Verhältnis von $$\left[ {{\text{K}}^{\text{ + }} } \right]:\sqrt {\left[ {{\text{Ca}}^{{\text{ + + }}} } \right]} = 40$$ zugeordnet, unabhängig von den aktuellen Konzentrationen. 3. Einer Cs+-Induktion liegen aktive, auf die Beteiligung eines Carriers hinweisende Vorgänge zugrunde. Eine indirekte Reaktionskinetik, die die Geschwindigkeit der larvalen Reaktion in Abhängigkeit von der Dosis als Maß der Kationenaufnahme nimmt, liefert Michaelis-Menten-artige Sättigungskurven. Reduktion des externen Ca++- und Na+-Gehalts und ebenso Applikation des Glutathion-oxidierenden Agens Diamide erhöhen die Effektivität von Cs+. Die Form der Wirkungskurve nähert sich einer rechteckigen Hyperbel und die halb-maximale Cs+-Konzentration wird zu tieferen Werten verschoben. Durch gleichzeitige Applikation von Ouabain geht die Induktionswirkung von Cs+, Rb+ und Li+ (nicht die von K+) verloren. Diese Befunde erlauben es, die Primärwirkung dieser Ionen als Stimulation der Na+-K+-Transport-ATPase zu interpretieren. 4. Die Auslösung der Metamorphose durch monovalente Kationen geschieht somit über Änderungen Membran-gebundener Funktionen. Dies trifft ebenso für die Bakterien-induzierte Metamorphose zu.
    Notes: Summary 1. The metamorphosis of the planulae ofHydractinia echinata (Hydrozoa) can be induced by a pulse-type (2–3 hrs) exposure to the ions of caesium, rubidium, lithium, and potassium. With mixtures of seawater with isoosmolar solutions of the chlorides of these ions the dose-response curves for Rb+-, Li+-, and K+-stimulation display optima peaks, the smallest effective range being shown by K+. The Cs+-curve is sigmoid shaped. The half-maximal doses are 6 mval Cs+, 50 mval Rb+, 80 mval Li+, and 130 mval K+ respectively. 2. Potassium-induced stimulation is an ouabain-insensitive event governed by the Gibbs-Donnan principle. With solutions containing only K+, Ca++, and Sucrose the optimal efficacy is always related to an invariable ratio of $$\left[ {{\text{K}}^{\text{ + }} } \right]:\sqrt {\left[ {{\text{Ca}}^{{\text{ + + }}} } \right]} = 40$$ , regardless of the actual concentrations employed. 3. The Cs+-induction is based upon active events which indicate the involvement of a carrier-like system. Indirect reaction kinetics taking the velocity of the larval response versus the dose as measure of cation uptake yield Michaelis-like saturation curves. Reduction of external calcium and sodium as well as application of the glutathione oxidizing agent diamide enhance the efficacy of Cs+. The shape of the response curve becomes closer to a rectangular hyperbola and the half-maximal concentration is shifted towards lower values. The inducing power of Cs+, Rb+, and Li+ (but not of K+) is abolished by ouabain (1 mM). These findings give evidence that the relevant ions act by stimulation of the Na+/K+-transport ATPase. 4. Thus, induction of metamorphosis by monovalent cations is due to alterations of membrane-bound functions. This applies to bacteria-induced metamorphosis as well.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 177 (1975), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interpersonal differentiation between gasterozooids and gonozooids, inHydractinia echinata, is reflected by the pattern of extractable enzyme activities. With regard to their activity levels in the different hydranths the enzymes can be arranged in two groups. In the first group the specific activities are highest in gasterozooids and decline in the order gasterozooids〉male gonozooids〉female gonozooids. This group includes GAPDH, LDH, ICDH, and GPT. The activities of the second group are highest in female polyps and display the inverse sequence. This group comprises CS, GOT, and GLDH. When the GAPDH levels, taken as 100 pc each, are chosen as point of reference only this second sequence can be established and is now represented by MDH, ICDH, and G-6-PDH as well. 6-PGDH activity could not be determined in adult hydranths. According to the ratio of GAPDH/CS and the LDH level the gasterozooids prefer the anaerobic glycolytic pathway whereas in the sexual hydranths relatively more substrate is supplied at the disposal of the citrate cycle. Two metabolites of the citrate cycle, ketoglutarate and succinate, are known to promote the transformation of nutritive zooids into sexual zooids. The differences observed in the activities of GOT, GLDH, and ICDH, therefore, may be correlated not only with the production of gonocytes but also with the specific type of differentiation which in sexual hydranths is governed by a specific morphogen.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aktivit\:atsprofile der Enzyme GAPDH, LDH, CE, MDH, GOT, G-6-PDH und 6-PGDH sind in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien bestimmt worden, um einige allgemeine Korrelationen zwischen Stoffwechselwegen und morphogenetischen Erscheinungen herauszuarbeiten. Aus unbefruchteten Eiern konnten ungew\:ohnlich hohe Aktivit\:aten dieser Enzyme extrahiert werden. Im Verlauf der Embryogenese und Metamorphose alternieren wiederholt zwei Stoffwechselmuster. Das erste Muster ist charakterisiert durch eine relativ niedrige glykolytische Potenz (niedriges GAPDH- und LDH-Niveau) verbunden mit einer relativ hohen oxidativen Kapazität (niedriger Quotient GAPDH/CE und erhöhter Sauerstoffverbrauch). Dieses Muster, das eine Dominanz der Energieproduktion anzeigt, ist während der Furchung und während der Phase der Kontraktion bei einsetzender Metamorphose verwirklicht. Das zweite Stoffwechselmuster verbindet hohe glykolytische Potenz (hohe GAPDH- und LDH-Niveaus) mit einem hohen Verhältnis von GAPDH/CE. Diese Dominanz des anaeroben Stoffwechsels its korreliert mit hoher Aktivität von MDH und GOT. Ein bedeutender Teil des Substratflusses mag für anabolische Prozesse abgezweigt werden. Diese Stoffwechselbedingungen sind während der Gastrulation und in der mittleren Phase der Metamorphose gegeben, Stadien, in denen Differenzierungen in Gang kommen. Diesem wiederholten wechsel der Stoffwechselkonstitution folgt der Pentosephosphatshunt. Während der Furchung und der einsetzenden Metamorphose nehmen die Aktivitäten der G-6-PDH und 6-PGDH ab und steigen während der Differenzierung der Planula und des Primärpolypen an. Im ausdifferenzierten Polypen verschwindet die 6-PGDH-Aktivität, wohingegen die G-6-PDH ein hohes Niveau beibehält. 2. Die Induktion der Metamorphose, die normalerweise durch ein bakterielles Agens, k\:unstlich durch einen Cs+-Puls ausgel\:ost wird, ist durch einen steilen Anstieg der Na+\t-K+-ATPase-Aktivit\:at gekennzeichnet. Das Maximum der Aktivit\:at wurde in Homogenaten 2 Std, bei lebenden Larven 0,5\2-1,5 Std nach Applikation von Cs+ gemessen. Dieser Befund st\:utzt die Hypothese, bei der larvalen Antwort auf induzierende Reize seien Kationen-Carrier ma\sBgeblich beteiligt. Dem induzierten Aktivitätspeak beim Einsetzen der Metamorphose folgt 3–4 Std später ein zweiter, spontaner peak. Relativ hohe Ouabain-sensitive wie- insensitive ATPase-Aktivitäten wurden auch in Homogenaten junger Embryonen bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary 1. In order to elaborate some general correlations between metabolic pathways and morphogenetic events the activity-profiles of the enzymes GAPDH, LDH, CE, MDH, GOT, G-6-PDH, and 6-PGDH have been determined in different developmental stages. Unusually high activities of these enzymes could be extracted from unfertilized eggs. In the course of embryogenesis and metamorphosis two metabolic patterns alternate repeatedly. The first pattern is characterized by a relatively low glycolytic potency (low GAPDH- and LDH-levels) connected with a relatively high oxidative capacity (low ratio of GAPDH/CE and rising O2-consumption). This pattern, which indicates the predominance of energy production, is realized during cleavage and during the phase of contraction at the onset of metamorphosis. The second metabolic pattern combines high glycolytic potency (high GAPDH- and LDH-levels) with a high ratio of GAPDH/CE. This predominance of anaeroblic metabolism is correlated with high activities of MDH and GOT. An important portion of the substrate-flux may be directed towards anabolic processes. This metabolic condition is found during gastrulation and during the middle phase of metamorphosis: stages in which differentiation is initiated. This repeated change in the main metabolic behavior is also reflected by the operation of the pentose-phosphate-cycle. The activities of G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH decrease during cleavage and during early metamorphosis and increase during the differentiation of the planula and of the primary polyp. In the fully developed polyp, however, the 6-PGDH-activity disappears whilst that of the G-6-PDH remains high. 2. The induction of metamorphosis which normally is brought about by a bacterial agent and artificially by a Cs+-pulse, is characterized by an enhanced activity of the Na+\t-K+-ATPase. The maximum activity could be measured in homogenates and in living larvae 2 hrs and 0.5\2-1.5 hrs respectively after the application of Cs+. This finding supports the hypothesis that cation carriers are involved in the larval response to inductive stimuli. The induced peak of activity, in early metamorphosis, is followed by a second peak occurring spontaneously 3–4 hrs later. Relatively high ouabain-sensitive as well as ouabaininsensitive ATPase activities could also be observed in homogenates of young embryos.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1990), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Coelenterates ; Metamorphosis ; Pattern formation ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Planulae are simply structured larvae lacking an overt longitudinal organization. In the course of a rapid metamorphosis, however, they transform into polyps, which display striking structural patterns. Metamorphosis takes place only in response to external stimuli. Surgical removal and transplantation of larval parts reveal that external stimuli, including artificial inducers such as cesium ions, tumor promoters and diacylglycerol, act on the anterior quarter of the larva where sensory cells containing Arg-Phe-amide-like peptides are located. The external stimuli initiate the release of an internal signal, which is transmitted to the posterior end causing the successive transformation of larval into adult tissue. The transformation front moves from the anterior to the posterior quarter in 60 min. The internal signal can be released or bypassed by a transitory lowering of the Mg2+ content of the seawater. By using this procedure, or by administering an extract containing the putative internal signal substance, each isolated part of the larva can be induced to metamorphose separately. Provided there is no time for regeneration after cutting before metamorphosis is initiated, the most anterior fragment forms only stolons, the most posterior fragment forms only a head. The overt pattern of the polyp is, therefore, generated under the influence of a covert anterior-posterior prepattern of the larva.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 167 (1971), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Prüfung der entwicklungsphysiologischen Gradiententheorie wird der Versuch unternommen, den “polarisierenden Induktor“ zu isolieren und anzureichern, der in Homogenaten von Hydra zugegen ist und als neurosekretorisches Produkt angesehen wird. Die Gelchromatographie wäßriger Extrakte liefert 2 Fraktionen, welche die Entwicklung überzähliger apikaler Strukturen (Tentakel und Mundkegel) hervorrufen: eine niedermolekulare Fraktion mit nur mäßiger Wirksamkeit und eine Hauptfraktion im mittelmolekularen Bereich mit starker animalisierender Kapazität. Entgegen dem Postulat der Gradiententheorie besteht keine Korrelation zwischen der applizierten Konzentration und der Qualität ausgelöster Formbildungen. Nur die Anzahl überzähliger Strukturen ist dosisabhängig. Die Analyse der biologischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Hauptfraktion bringt den Hinweis, daß das polarisierende Agens eine Hitze-stabile, Trypsin-sensitive Komponenteder Nesselgifte ist, die ihre animalisierende Wirkung in unspezifischer Weise zeitigt. Die Applikation isolierter, reiner Nesselgifte erhärtet diese Vermutung zum klaren Beweis. Ein Nebeneffekt des relevanten Gifts legt graduierte Gewebseigenschaften offen: Unter seinem Einfluß verwachsen die Testpolypen, sowie sie in Kontakt zueinander kommen. Hierbei verbinden sich vorzugsweise apikale Primordien mit apikalen Primordien, um stabile Parabiosen zu bilden. Diese Beobachtung mag die Bedeutung Kontakt-vermittelnder Oberflächenstrukturen für das polare Differenzierungsgeschehen anzeigen.
    Notes: Summary In order to prove the gradient hypothesis an attempt was made to isolate and accumulate the “polarizing inducer” present in homogenates of hydra and assumed to be a neurosecretory product. By means of gel chromatography two fractions were obtained which brought about the development of supernumary apical structures (tentacles and hypostomes) thus exhibiting the symptoms attributed to this polarizing agent: a low molecular fraction with only modest effectiveness and a main fraction with strong animalizing ability. Increasing the concentration affected only the quantity but not the qualitative properties of the structures produced, a result inconsistent with the postulate of the gradient hypothesis. By analysing the chemical and biological nature of the main agent and by applying pure isolated toxins compelling evidence is given that the inducer in question is nothing but a component of the nematocyst toxins. This component, being heat-stable and trypsin-sensitive, elicites its animalizing effect in unspecific means by disturbing the normal pattern of morphallactic events. A side effect with interest in respect of graded tissue properties could be recorded: by the influence of the relevant toxin, growing together of regenerating animals occurs whereby predominantly apical primordia fuse with apical primordia, thus forming stable parabioses. This observation may indicate the significance of surface bound, contact establishing components in polar differentiation.
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