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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Replication in Human Monocytes by Low Titres of Anti-HIV Antibodies in Vitro (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 30 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Low concentrations of serum obtained from a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) enhanced the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a particular subclone of the CD4-positive monocytoid cell line U937 clone 2. Cells of this subclone have a high expression of Fc receptors and a considerable degree of Fc-mediated phagocytic activity. IgG purified from the serum was also able to enhance the replication. These results indicate that low concentrations of human anti-HIV antibody may enhance HIV replication on human monocyte macrophages. Furthermore, two mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies against gp120, the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, also induced enhancement at low concentrations. The binding of radiolabelled gp120 to the cells was increased at the same low concentrations. Antibodies against envelope glycoproteins may cause enhancement of HIV infection. Both normal and enhanced replication of HIV were completely inhibited by the masking of the binding site of CD4 molecules with F(ab')2 fragments of anti-CD4 antibody. Moreover, CD4-positive, FcγRI-negative K562 cells and mouse macrophages failed to show any infection in the presence of antibody. These results suggest that CD4 molecules on the cell surface are necessary to cause enhancement of infection of HIV on monocyte macrophages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb02446.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular Immune Responses in the Murine Lung to Local Immunization with Influenza A Virus Glycoproteins in Micelles and Immunostimulatory Complexes (Iscoms) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 27 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Primary immunization with a single inoculum of either micelles or iscoms containing influenza A virus glycoproteins failed to induce either B or cytotoxic T (Tc) cell responses. In contrast, immunization with two inocula of iscoms, but not micelles, resulted in the appearance of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) but not Tc cells in the lung. There was a 10-fold increase in Tc cell precursor frequency and an increase in ASC generated by secondary in vitro stimulation of lung cell cultures obtained from mice primed with iscoms but not micelles. In mice primed with infectious virus, secondary immunization with either micelles or iscoms increased the number of ASC in the lung and elicited virus-specific Tc cell responses. In contrast homologous virus challenge failed to induce detectable secondary B or Tc cell responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02397.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigen-Specific Increases in the Number of Splenocytes Expressing MHC Class II Molecules Following Restimulation with Antigen in Various Physical Forms (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To understand how a presentation system for antigens initiates an immune response and why it has a strong adjuvant activity, a number of parameters need to be analysed. In this study the frequency of spleen cells expressing MHC class II (Ia antigen) was determined after immunization of mice and restimulation of their spleen cells, in vitro, with influenza virus envelope proteins in different physical forms, namely iscoms, micelles and virus particles.All three forms of the antigen stimulated, in an antigen-specific manner, an increased proportion of spleen cells expressing MHC class II in the restimulation experiments. The induction of increased MHC class II expression was at least partly dependent on antigen-specific indction of IFN-γ sinec anantibody to IFN-γ partly inhibited the increase of MHC classII+ cells induced by iscom or by Concanavalin A. The iscom-borne antigens were superior to micelles to prime the immune response in vitro, indicating a capacity to induce memory cells. This primed immune response was readily recalled in vitro, as measured by IFN-γ production and an increased number of MHC class II positive cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03225.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-Gamma in the Immune Response Induced by Influenza Virus Iscoms (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Splenocytes from mice primed with influenza virus envelope proteins incorporated in iscoms, as micelles or as infectious virus, were restimulaled in vitro with the same antigen. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IKN-γ) were assayed in the supernatants of such cultures. Influenza virus iscoms induced IL-2 and IFN-γ responses in restimulation experiments that were antigen specific and significantly higher than those induced by micelles or infectious virus. Serum samples collected at the end of the experiments were analysed for the antibody response and profile. The antibody titres induced by iscoms were of a similar order of magnitude as those induced by infectious virus, and were about 18 times higher than the titres induced by micelles. In mice immunized with iscoms or infectious virus the most abundant antibodies were of the IgG1 and IgG2a, isotype, and the IgE response was low. We conclude that immunization with iscoms stimulates the Th1-like subtype of murine T lymphocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02956.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics, Localization and Isotype Profile of Antibody Responses to Immune Stimulating Complexes (Iscoms) Containing Human Influenza Virus Envelope Glycoproteins (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The immune stimulating complex (iscom) is a particulate adjuvant formulation combining multimeric presentation of antigen with a built-in adjuvant, Quillaja saponin. Iscoms induce strong serum antibody responses that are readily boosted. To further characterize this property of iscoms, the development and maturation of primary and secondary antibody responses to iscoms containing influenza virus antigen were investigated, in serum by ELISA and on single B-cell level by ELISPOT. After a single subcutaneous injection, B cells secreting antigen-specific IgG (IgG-SC) were primarily observed in the draining lymph nodes (LN), showing peak numbers at day 7 which then declined rapidly. Serum IgG levels, as well as IgG-SC in the spleen, persisted for several weeks and, with time, IgG-SC cells also appeared in the bone marrow (BM). These results suggest that the IgG response to iscoms initially is located to the LN but that IgG-SC are redistributed with time and may persist for a long time in other organs, including the spleen and BM. Moreover, a booster dramatically enhanced the frequency of IgG-SC in LN, spleen and BM suggesting that iscoms induce a potent B-cell memory. Comparisons of antibody responses to iscoms with those to influenza virus antigen in Freund’s complete adjuvant, TiterMaxTM or aluminium hydroxide suggest that the choice of adjuvant influences both the magnitude, kinetics, localization and isotype profile of antibody responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-29.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Quillaja saponaria Triterpenoid Content on the Immunomodulatory Capacity of Epstein–Barr Virus Iscoms (1997)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 45 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The immune responses to immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) containing recombinant Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) gp340 envelope protein was evaluated in BALB/c (H-2d) and CBA (H-2k) mice. Gp340-iscoms were used either with a low content of Quillaja triterpenoid adjuvant (L-iscoms) or supplemented with additional Quillaja adjuvant in the form of iscomatrix (S-iscoms). Class and subclass distribution of anti-gp340 antibodies, EBV-neutralizing antibodies, antigen-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine production were determined and these results compared to those obtained by immunization with non-adjuvated gp340. The H-2d and H-2k mice were characterized as low or high responders in respect to the level of specific anti-gp340 antibodies, secretion of IgG2a isotype, antigen-specific lymphoproliferative capacity, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in the basic immunizations with gp340. While presentation of the antigen in iscom formulations with low levels of Quillaja triterpenoids induces a moderate enhancement of the immune responses in the low responder H-2d mice, supplementation with high levels of iscomatrix immunomodulator was required to enhance the immune responses in the high responder H-2k mice. In both mouse strains subcutaneous immunization with S-iscoms resulted in a significant increase of IgG1- and IgG2a-specific antibodies, as well as in strong antigen-specific proliferative response confirmed by the simultaneous cytokine production. The enhanced antigen-specific secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ together with the abrogation of IL-10 and the absence of IL-4 indicates that the responses were driven towards a Th1-type rather than Th2-type immune response. The S-iscom formulations minimized the differences in immune responses between the two mouse strains, but the capacity of immune sera to neutralize EBV transformation in vitro remained completely strain-dependent. These data indicate that immune responses generated by iscoms can be manipulated by altering the triterpenoid composition of the iscoms and that the levels of triterpenoids can determine whether or not a Th1-type response is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-395.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection of rhesus macaques from SIV infection by immunization with different experimental SIV vaccines
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Vaccine 12 (1994), S. 1443-1452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-410X
    Keywords: ISCOM ; SIV ; protection
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(94)90154-6
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assay of detergents by rocket electrophoresis in agarose gels containing red blood cells: ''Rocket hemolysis''
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 114 (1983), S. 699-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(83)90837-9
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quaternary structure of the immunostimulating complex (Iscom)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Ultrastructure Research and Molecular Structure Research 102 (1989), S. 240-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0889-1605
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1605(89)90018-9
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monocyte and iscom enhancement of cell-mediated response to cytomegalovirus (1987)
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 176 (1987), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cell-mediated and humoral responses to cytomegalovirus were studied in a monkey model. Repeated low doses of virus antigen gave poor reactivities in both respects. High antigen doses gave a good humoral IgG response. When autologous monocytes were incubated with the CMV antigen as the immunizing injection, the specific cellular response to CMV antigen increased. The monocytes themselves did not contribute to the in vitro specific proliferation response. When iscoms were the carrier particles for CMV antigens, cellular response was even more strongly enhanced. In immunization schedules where specific cellular responses are important, we suggest that autologous monocytes or iscoms may be employed as antigen carriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189404
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