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Notes: Background:  Children with Kawasaki's syndrome (KS), also known as Kawasaki's disease or ‘mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome’, have approximately 20–25% incidence of developing coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), stenosis or obliteration if not appropriately diagnosed and treated. In addition some children have myocarditis, pericardial effusions and/or cardiac arrhythmias during the acute phase of KS. Even with current treatment protocols, 2–4% will still be at risk of coronary artery pathology and the long-term implications regarding future coronary artery disease are unknown. Many of these children present for surgical or diagnostic procedures requiring general anesthesia or deep sedation. Only sporadic case reports have been published on the anesthetic experiences of such patients.Methods:  With Institutional Review approval, we reviewed the medical records of all children with discharge diagnosis of KS from 1985 to 2000 for those receiving general anesthesia or deep sedation. Data abstracted from the medical records included information on any surgical procedures performed any time after onset of KS symptoms, type of anesthetic, perioperative monitoring and presence or absence of operative or perioperative complications.Results:  A total of 178 children with KS were identified of whom 47 (26.4%) received either general anesthesia (34) or deep sedation (13). There were no deaths; one child developed congestive heart failure in the immediate postoperative period associated with KS myocarditis. Five (15%) of those having general anesthesia initially were either not diagnosed as having KS or had no preoperative cardiac evaluations. None of the children having general anesthesia had ST segment analysis, invasive monitoring or troponin measurements perioperatively.Conclusions:  The high incidence of serious myocardial complications attributable to KS reported in the pediatric literature is rarely noted in the anesthesia literature. We feel there is a potential for more serious perioperative complications among KS children, although we can only speculate why complications are not more frequently encountered. Anesthetists involved in pediatric services are encouraged to consider KS in their diagnosis of children presenting with febrile illnesses with rashes and to consider the possibility of KS myocardial compromise if they encounter unexpected deterioration perioperatively. Preoperative ultrasound examination and perioperative monitoring (e.g. ST segment analysis and troponin measurements) for myocardial compromise are encouraged if KS is suspected.

Notes: Varicella (chicken pox), a most common disease, is rarely considered a serious entity by adult oriented anaesthetists and surgeons yet can have an extremely high morbidity and mortality in certain populations. Hospital protocols concerning postponement or cancellation of elective surgery in children suspected of harbouring the disease following exposure in daycare facilities or schools often tend to be ignored. The following is a series of three case reports illustrating different aspects of the problems confronting the anaesthetist and other operating room personnel when a child with varicella enters the surgery suite.

Notes: Desflurane has several properties making it a desirable agent for use in electrophysiological studies (EPS) for diagnosis and treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. We studied 47 children, mean age 12.8±4.6 years, mean weight 52.9±24.0 kg, with clinical history of supra- ventricular tachycardia (SVT) during EPS using desflurane in a crossover comparison with fentanyl. The patients served as their own controls. All received oral premedication with lorazepam, and intravenous induction with thiopentone, rocuronium, and oxygen. Group 1 (n=24) were administered fentanyl 10 μg·kg−1 bolus i.v. with an infusion of 3 μg·kg−1·h−1 during initial EPS. Fentanyl was discontinued and desflurane, 6% endtidal, was administered and the EPS repeated. Group 2 (n=23) were initially administered 6% desflurane after induction, and following EPS the desflurane was discontinued and the patients administered fentanyl 3 μg·kg−1 bolus and EPS repeated (explanations of EPS abbreviations are provided). Desflurane reduced the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in all patients. In Group 1, desflurane shortened the sinus cycle length (SCL), i.e. increasing the heart rate, and atrial effective refractory period (AERP) while Group 2 demonstrated no such effect on AERP. There were no other significant differences between fentanyl or desflurane techniques in terms of EPS measurements. SVT was inducible with both agents in both groups. Desflurane seems an acceptable agent for use during EPS procedures.