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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association of Family History and Other Risk Factors with Breast Cancer Risk (Sweden) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; family history ; risk factors ; Sweden ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Women with a family history of breast cancer have an increased risk for the disease. However, the combined impact of family history and other risk factors on breast cancer risk is unclear. We conducted a large epidemiologic study to examine this issue. Methods. In a population-based case-control study in all of Sweden, 3,345 women aged 50 to 74 years with invasive breast cancer (84 percent of all eligible), and 3,454 controls of similar age (82 percent of all selected) were included. Mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews were used to collect detailed information on potential breast cancer risk factors. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through multiple logistic regression. Results: Women with a history of breast cancer in any first-degree relative had an increased risk of breast cancer compared with those without such a history (OR = 1.96, CI = 1.67-2.30). There was no clear indication of a differential impact of hormonal risk factors (age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, use of exogenous hormones, and weight gain) or body build at age seven among women with and without a positive family history. Yet, benign breast disease and height clearly were related to breast cancer risk in subjects without a family history, whereas seemingly not so in women with a family history. Formal tests for interaction between family history and these factors, however, did not prove statistically significant. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that established risk factors entail similar associations with breast cancer risk among women with and without family history of the disease. Cancer Causes and Control 1998, 9, 259-267
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008817018942
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer risk and lifetime leisure-time and occupational physical activity (Sweden) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 523-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast neoplasm ; exercise ; leisure activities ; occupations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To clarify whether type and timing of physical activity affect postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Methods: In a population-based case–control study within the Swedish female population 50–74 years of age, 3347 women with invasive, postmenopausal breast cancer (84% of all eligible) and 3455 controls (82% of all selected) reported on past leisure-time physical activity. Record linkage to decennial census data (1960–1990) provided estimates of their occupational physical activity. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, women in sedentary occupations during their reproductive years (25–44 years of age) had a 50% higher risk for postmenopausal breast cancer, compared to those with the physically most demanding jobs. Only the most recent leisure-time physical activity was associated with a significant risk reduction. Women with the combination of sedentary jobs and lack of leisure-time exercise had a three-fold higher risk of breast cancer, compared to the physically most active both inside and outside the workplace. Conclusion: Effects of occupational and leisure-time physical activity on breast cancer risk appear to have different latency times, and/or to be effect-modified by age or reproductive status. Although chance might explain our findings, it is advisable to consider type and timing of physical activity in future studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008900512471
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Body size in different periods of life, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and risk of postmenopausal endometrial cancer (Sweden) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: diabetes mellitus Types 1 and 2 ; endometrial neoplasms ; hypertension ; obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To measure the association between endometrial cancer risk and obesity at age 18 and recently, adult weight gain, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Methods: We performed a population-based, nationwide case–control study among postmenopausal women aged 50–74 years in Sweden, including 709 incident cases with histopathologically verified endometrial cancer and 3368 controls. Results: Compared to lean women (recent body mass index (BMI), i.e. kg/m2 below 22.5), overweight women (recent BMI 28–29.99) had a 50% increase in risk for endometrial cancer (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.1). Obese women (recent BMI 30–33.99) had a 3-fold increased risk (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.0–4.0), and markedly obese women (recent BMI ≥ 34) a 6-fold increased risk (OR 6.3, 95% CI 4.2–9.5). The OR for Type 2 diabetes mellitus was 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.1) and for Type 1 diabetes mellitus it was 13.3 (3.1–56.4). The effect of recent BMI was similar for tumors having different degrees of differentiation and myometrial invasion, and did not vary with age, time since menopause, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, and use of contraceptives. Hypertension increased risk only among obese women. BMI at age 18, height, and adult weight change were not independent risk factors. Conclusions: Recent overweight/obesity and diabetes mellitus (Types 1 and 2) are associated with endometrial cancer risk. Hypertension increases risk among obese women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008946825313
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk (Sweden) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: combined oral contraceptives ; endometrial neoplasms ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To estimate the magnitude and persistence of the protective effect of use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and endometrial cancer risk. Methods: We performed a nation-wide, population-based case–control study among postmenopausal women aged 50–74 years in Sweden, which included 709 subjects with incident, histopathologically verified endometrial cancer, and 3,368 controls with an intact uterus. We used unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios as estimates of relative risks. Results: Use of any sort of oral contraceptive decreased risk for endometrial cancer by 30%, while progestin-only pills reduced risk more markedly. For COCs the reduction in risk was noticeable following 3 or more years of use (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.7), and increased with duration of intake, reaching 80% lower risk after 10 years of use. The protective effect of COC use was similar for all degrees of tumor differentiation and invasiveness, and remained for at least 20 years after cessation of use. Subsequent use of hormone replacement did not modify these protective effects. Conclusions: We conclude that COC use confers a long-lasting protection against endometrial cancer risk which is particularly marked for long-term users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008945721786
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic characteristics in breast cancers after hormone replacement therapy (1996)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 38 (1996), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; prognosis ; estrogen ; progestin ; HRT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on breast tumour biology by comparing the prognostic characteristics of breast cancers and survival in 121 women prescribed replacement hormones before diagnosis with those in 1468 women without such treatment. The women receiving HRT had a lowered relative risk of being diagnosed with tumours of more than 20 mm in diameter, OR = 0.7 (CI 0.5–1.0) and axillary lymph node dissemination, OR = 0.7 (CI 0.4–1.1). These risk reductions were most pronounced and statistically significant in the women who had been prescribed a combined estradiol-progestin regimen. The patients in this compound group also had a diminished relative risk of having poorly differentiated tumours. Further, there was an indication that the women prescribed HRT, and especially those with conjugated estrogens/estradiols alone, had a decreased relative risk of developing aneuploid tumours. There was no clear pattern for women receiving the biologically weak oestriol, although risk estimates were generally higher for unfavourable tumours in comparison with those receiving the higher potency compounds. Adjustments for indications of earlier detection (i.e. lead time bias) did not influence the pattern or magnitude of the risk estimates. No association between any type of HRT and survival after breast cancer diagnosis was noted, but analyses were based only on 19 breast cancer deaths among exposed patients. We conclude that breast cancers occurring after treatment with HRT, especially the combined estrogen-progestin regimen, seem to have more favourable tumour features than tumours in non-treated women. Our findings may reflect a less aggressive biological behaviour of breast cancers in women receiving HRT, or in part be explained by the earlier detection of the tumours in these women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806152
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