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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Influencing the in vitro Culture of the Rumen Ciliate Ophryoscolex purkynei Stein (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A method for the in vitro culture of O. purkynei was developed which permitted the continuous culture of this protozoon in clone culture for a. period of 32 months. The shortest division time was 24 hr. The concentration of cells varied between 700 and 1000/ml in the routine procedure. Variations in spination which occurred in the clone culture suggested that this characteristic was of doubtful taxonomic importance.Ground wheat and alfalfa served as substrates but soluble sugars did not. Green plant material appeared to be necessary for continued growth of the protozoa. Ingestion of a large streptococcus was demonstrated by vital staining of a mixed population of bacteria with tetrazolium prior to incubation with the protozoan suspension in the presence of wheat. O. purkynei can tolerate exposure to variations in osmotic pressure, temperature, and oxygen which are consonant with its transfer in nature by grooming or ingestion of contaminated food or drink.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01796.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological Studies on the Rumen Ciliate, Ophryoscolex purkynei Stein (1965)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 12 (1965), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Fermentation of wheat by a clonal population of Ophryoscolex purkynei obtained from an in vitro culture yielded butyrate, acetate, smaller amounts of propionate, and traces of formate and lactate. H2 and COz were formed in a ratio of approximately 2:1. The soluble sugars tested were not fermented in manometric experiments. Decomposition of pectin by O. Purkynei is due to pectin esterase and transeliminase; the latter enzyme resembles the bacterial transeliminase rather than the fungal pectin transeliminase. The occurrence of these enzymes seems odd since the end products do not appear to be metabolized.The rate of fermentation of wheat by washed suspensions of protozoa agreed with the rate determined by following gas production in a normal culture during a 24-hr period. The rate was lower than that reported for the holotrichous rumen ciliates; the total products formed per cell per hour by the washed suspension were 0.295 mpM.The formation of gas by fermentation of soybean and linseed oil meals was due to the starch and not protein in these materials. Manometric experiments with the pure proteins, casein, gliadin, and glutenin showed no gas evolution. Ammonification of these substrates in addition to plant chloroplasts was determined. Linseed oil meal gave a high value of 0.02 mμM/cell/hr which is of practical magnitude when compared to the rate of formation of acid, 0.08 mμM/cell/hr.Based on a concentration of 4000 protozoa/ml, estimation of the proteolytic activities of O. Purkynei indicated that it can account for 1.5% of the total ammonification. But, it can account for nearly 11% per day of the nitrogen supplied to the host when the protozoa are passed on to the abomasum. Its contribution to the volatile acids produced in the rumen is 3%, assuming the maximum rate of acid formation from wheat. Ophryoscolex can be of significance in the rumen if it occurs at high concentrations (4W/ml) but the rate of fermentatiodcell is too low to assign much importance to this organism when it occurs in low numbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1965.tb01825.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of cytochromes in methanogenic bacteria (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 20 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various methanogenic bacteria belonging to the orders Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, and Methanomicrobiales were examined for the presence of cytochromes. Those methanogens which are capable of growing only on H2+CO2 or formate were found to lack cytochromes. However, membrane-bound cytochromes were detected in species able to utilize methanol, methylamines or acetate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00157.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cations on Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 growing on moderate concentrations of acetate: production of single cells (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 (1991), S. 686-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of different concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, or Na+ on the morphology and growth of Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 growing on acetate at concentrations comparable with those found in anaerobic digestors was studied. At 30 mm Mg2+ or less, M. thermophila grew as large aggregates that settled rapidly. At 100 mm Mg2+ or more, the bacteria grew as single cells or a mixture of single cells and small aggregates is suspended culture. Mg2+ was necessary for growth and could not be substituted by addition of either Ca2+ or Na+. The optimal Mg2+ concentration was 30 mm and no growth was observed at 400 mm Mg2+. Cultures could be adapted to 300 mm Mg2+ without a change in growth rate. Added Ca2+ was not required for growth and had no effect on cell morphology. Inhibition by Na+ was directly related to the Mg2+ concentration. When the Mg2+ was 0.05 mm or less, 0.35 m Na+ completely inhibited growth. However, more Na+ was required for inhibition at higher Mg2+ concentrations. The same inhibitory effect of Na+ was observed when the temperature was 52°C or 45°C. The potential for disaggregation of Methanosarcina aggregates in anaerobic digestor environments was discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169638
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enrichment and kinetics of biodegradation of 1-naphthylamine in activated sludge (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 39 (1993), S. 264-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Sequencing-batch reactors were used to develop an activated sludge enrichment culture capable of degrading 1-naphthylamine (1NA). Approximately 5 months acclimation with salicylic acid (1600 mg l−1) as the primary source of carbon were required to obtain an enrichment culture able to degrade even small quantities of 1NA. After an additional 4 months acclimation, during which the concentration of salicyclic acid was decreased to 50 mg l−1, a culture developed that degraded 1NA concentrations as high as 300 mg l−1. Kinetic determinations showed that 1NA degradation (in the presence of salicylate) followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K m and V m values of 32.5±2.2 mg l−1 and 375±18 ng 1NA mg−1 cells h−1, respectively. The same enrichement was able to degrade 1NA when present as the sole source of carbon and energy and to convert approximately 87% to CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228617
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophilic methanogenesis from gelatin by a mixed defined bacterial culture (1986)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 24 (1986), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of gelatin by different associations of bacteria, including Thermobacteroides proteolyticus, Methanobacterium sp. and Methanosarcina MP was studied. Experimental vessels were incubated at 55°C. T. proteolyticus growing axenically produced acetate, isovalerate, H2 and CO2. Traces of propionate and isobutyrate were detected. Cocultures of T. proteolyticus and Methanobacterium sp. showed an increase in propionate and isobutyrate production. The Thermobacteroides-Methanosarcina association had no effect on metabolism of T. proteolyticus, and acetate was not used. In triculture, growth of Methanosarcina MP occurred on acetate in coculture with T. proteolyticus and Methanobacterium sp. Utilization of H2 by Methanobacterium sp. in the triculture lowered the H2 concentration sufficiently to permit acetate utilization by Methanosarcina. Maximum methane production was obtained with the triculture system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266290
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen inhibition of acetate metabolism and kinetics of hydrogen consumption by Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1991), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanosarcina thermophila ; Acetate ; Hydrogen ; Kinetics ; K m ; V max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 produced hydrogen during growth on acetate, maintaining a concentration of approx. 0.3 μM in the culture, corresponding to a hydrogen partial pressure of approx. 40 Pa. Increasing the partial pressure of hydrogen to 250 Pa and more led to a gradually increasing inhibition of acetate metabolism. No growth was observed when the gas phase contained 2000 Pa or more and acetate metabolism did not occur even after prolonged incubation (more than 2 weeks). M. thermophila was capable of limited consumption of hydrogen. Consumption of low concentrations of hydrogen proceeded simultaneously with acetate utilization. The affinity for hydrogen (K m=5 μM) was within the range normally found for hydrogenutilizing methanogens, while the corresponding V max (1.2 μmol hydrogen consumed mg-1 · cells h-1) was orders of magnitude lower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245332
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterization of Desulfovibrio senezii sp. nov., a halotolerant sulfate reducer from a solar saltern and phylogenetic confirmation of Desulfovibrio fructosovorans as a new species (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 170 (1998), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Desulfovibrio senezii ; Desulfovibrio ; fructosovorans ; Desulfovibrionaceae ; Halotolerant ; Sulfate reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new halotolerant Desulfovibrio, strain CVLT (T = type strain), was isolated from a solar saltern in California. The curved, gram-negative, nonsporeforming cells (0.3 × 1.0–1.3 μm) occurred singly, in pairs, or in chains, were motile by a single polar flagellum and tolerated up to 12.5% NaCl. Strain CVLT had a generation time of 60 min when grown in lactate-yeast extract medium under optimal conditions (37°C, pH 7.6, 2.5% NaCl). It used lactate, pyruvate, cysteine, or H2/CO2 + acetate as electron donors, and sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, or fumarate as electron acceptors. Elemental sulfur, nitrate, or oxygen were not used. Sulfite and thiosulfate were disproportionated to sulfate and sulfide. The G+C content of the DNA was 62 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Desulfovibrio fructosovorans was the nearest relative. Strain CVLT is clearly different from other Desulfovibrio species, and is designated Desulfovibrio senezii sp. nov. (DSM 8436).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050648
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2-Bromoethanesulfonate: A selective agent for isolating resistantMethanosarcina mutants (1981)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 6 (1981), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES), a structural analog of 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (coenzyme M), inhibited methanogenesis and growth ofMethanosarcina strain 227 in the presence of H2/CO2, methanol, or acetate. A single exposure to 24 μM BES was sufficient to produce cultures resistant to 240 μM BES. Wild-type cultures inhibited by 200 μM BES (or less) resumed growth and methane production when coenzyme M (coM) was added to the culture medium. Cultures incubated one week or longer with 200 μM BES (or less) spontaneously resumed growth and methanogenesis in the presence of H2/CO2, methanol, or acetate without added coM. BES resistance was heritable and not the result of inactivation or decomposition of BES. BES resistance acquired on one methanogenic substrate was retained when cells were grown on a different methanogenic substrate. However, BES resistance did not confer multiple resistance to other halomethane compounds such as chloroform, 2-bromoethanol, 2-bromopropionic acid, and chloramphenicol. BES resistance varied in two other genera of methanogens tested. One strain ofMethanospirillum hungatei was very sensitive to BES, and no resistant mutants were demonstrated. One strain ofMethanobacterium formicicum, however, was resistant to 200 μM BES without any known prior exposure to BES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01566885
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