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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT OF SKIN ON ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED MILIARIA RUBRA AND HYPOHIDROSIS (1971)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 84 (1971), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb06852.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo transepidermal water loss and skin surface hydration in assessment of moisturization and soap effects (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 10 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin surface water loss (SSWL) and water content of the stratum corneum are utilized to assess the hydration effects of moisturizers and soaps. The relationship among these parameters may help differentiating hydration obtained via occlusion or by water-holding in the stratum corneum. Furthermore, skin function (hydration, dehydration, barrier damage) can be studied comparing the data obtained with these techniques. In this study, the effects of glycerol, petrolatum, soaps and commercial moisturizers on the skin are investigated and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1988.tb00018.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic vesicles as topical/transdermal drug delivery systems (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 27 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin acts a major target as well as a principle barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been assessed to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Elastic vesicles are classified with phospholipid (Transfersomes® and ethosomes) and detergent-based types. Elastic vesicles were more efficient at delivering a low and high molecular weight drug to the skin in terms of quantity and depth. Their effectiveness strongly depends on their physicochemical properties: composition, duration and application volume, and entrapment efficiency and application methods. This review focuses on the effect of elastic liposomes for enhancing the drug penetration and defines the action mechanism of penetration into deeper skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00264.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 27 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Glutathione is an ubiquitous compound found in our bodies. Aside from its many ascribed biologic functions, it has also been implicated in skin lightening. We review in vitro and in vivo studies that show evidence of its involvement in the melanogenic pathway and shed light on the its anti-melanogenic effect. Proposed mechanisms of action include: (a) direct inactivation of the enzyme tyrosinase by binding with the copper-containing active site of the enzyme; (b) mediating the switch mechanism from eumelanin to phaeomelanin production; (c) quenching of free radicals and peroxides that contribute to tyrosinase activation and melanin formation; and d) modulation of depigmenting abilities of melanocytotoxic agents. These concepts supported by the various experimental evidence presented form basis for future research in the use of glutathione in the treatment of pigmentary disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00235.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is atopic dermatitis a predisposing factor for experimental acute irritant contact dermatitis? (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 38 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proclivity to acute irritant contact dermatitis has been reviewed by comparing the response in patients with atopic dermatitis to controls. Although several controlled studies demonstrate such a proclivity, others do not, suggesting that the mechanisms involved are complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05628.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional differences in stratum corneum reactivity to surfactants Quantitative assessment using the corneosurfametry bioassay (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 37 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The skin does not react similarly to the presence of xenobiotics over all anatomic sites. Distinct regional differences have been described for irritancy and percutaneous absorption. The present study assesses the regional variation of stratum corneum reactivity to surfactants using the corneosurfametry bioassay. Stratum corneum was harvested from 6 body sites in 20 young adults. Corneosurfametry was performed using water, 1% SLS and a 5% soap solution. Data show that the best variable to assess regional variability in irritancy is the overall difference in corneosurfametry (ODC), comparing the effect of a given surfactant with water. The dorsal hand and volar forearm were the least reactive, the neck, forehead, back and dorsal foot the most reactive, sites. It is concluded that the corneosurfametry bioassay, through the ODC variable, is a practically non invasive tool for the evaluation of regional variation in irritancy at the level of the stratum corneum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02463.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (Proxel®): irritant or allergen? (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 36 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The isothiazolinone, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (Proxel®), is a popular preservative, as well as a skin sensitizer and irritant. Patch test studies have been performed with different concentrations and vehicles. The current suggested patch test concentration is 0.1% BIT in petrolatum (pet). This article evaluates the effects of patch testing at this concentration and reviews the current literature. An irritancy patch test was performed on 56 controls, using BIT in concentrations of 0.002% and 0.05% in aqueous dipropylene glycol (Proxel® GXL) and 0.1% in pet. 10 had positive readings at 4 days with 0.1% BIT in petrolatum. 9 of which were negative at retest. 0.1% BIT is, therefore, irritant and not a suitable concentration for patch testing. Literature review revealed 15 patch test studies, with varying testing techniques. Additional studies with adequate controls and experimental tests should be invaluable in furthering our insight into BIT sensitization and irritation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00394.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proposal for a revised international standard series of patch tests (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 36 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Worldwide, there are 3 major standard series of patch tests, the European, North American and Japanese, together presenting 32 allergens, the differences between them being the result of regional variation in allergen distribution as well as differences in dermatological opinion. We propose a “minimal” international standard series of 20 allergens, together with an “extended” international standard series of 14 allergens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00391.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and pharmacologic skin irritation in man (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 25 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Attention is increasingly being focused on the relationship of dissocial Ion constant (pKa) of chemicals and skin irritation presumably caused by pH effects at epidermal levels. Human skin Studies of irritation have utilized both subjective visual-palpation scores and reflectance spectroscopy (RS) or laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) respectively. Several studies document that erythema determined subjectively and objectively correlates with the degree of skin irritancy, but others report lack of correlation between LDV and irritancy scored subjectively. In this study, pharmacologicol and chemical in vivo, skin irritation was evaluated utilizing an improved reflectance spectrophotometer equipped with computerized data analysis. In 16 white females, a model for skin irritation was induced by a 24-h patch application of 4 basic chemicals, imipramine, norephedrine, nicotine and 8-aminoquinoline, with pKa's ranging from 3.8 to 9.5. Skin pigmentation (melanin) and the relative amounts of oxygenized (arterial) and deoxygenized (venous) hemoglobin present in the erythematous skin were calculated. A clear increase in the hemoglobin content was observed in chemical and vehicle exposed sites. Although skin irritation is a complex phenomenon involving chemical and solution properties, percutaneous absorption and the biological drug response, high pKa (p 〉 0.01) was predictive of acute skin irritation in man using computerized analysis of reflectance spectroscopy, A high correlation between visual score and RS was found (r= 0.91).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01875.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ranking of surfactant skin irritancy in vivo in man using the plastic occlusion stress test (POST) (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 23 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Irritant effects and disturbance of water-holding capacity induced by surfactants were investigated using the plastic occlusion stress test (POST) technique. 4 surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), sorbitan monolaurate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and benzalkonium chloride) and an amphoteric/ nonionic (A/ N) mix were investigated. 1 × daily for 3 days, test surfactants were applied to marked sues (open) on the volar forearm. After 24 h occlusion with a plastic chamber on the 4th days. skin surface water loss (SSWL) (g/m2h) was recorded continuously for 25 min with an evaporimeter. The differences between the surfactants were statistically significant (Friedman's test p〈0.01). SLS and the A/ N mix revealed significant differences compared to the other compounds (p〈0.05), both in decay constants and in values recorded at the beginning and at the end of the decay curve. The study suggests a mechanism for the high irritant potential of sodium lauryl sulphate compared lo other surfactants: sorbitan monolaurate and benzalkonium chloride seem lo influence (at the concentrations tested) to a lesser extent the water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum. The clinical and biological relevance of these observations requires long-term clinical correlations with final product use tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb00075.x
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